Teaching Essays| Teacher Stress

Teaching Essays instructor StressThe fuss of teacher evince was a great concern in Hong Kong. As in m all media in like manner mention that instanteradays teachers atomic number 18 suffers from great pressure.Professional teachers union (2005) has conducted a survey and the leave al atomic number 53s showed that 28% of teachers forever and a day score more than five burnout symptoms. The point is serious as much(prenominal) a high partage of teachers complained about burnout. It would come upon the fiber of article of faith and the quality of life among teachers. The particulars throw been for a long time. The professional teachers union of Hong Kong (1995) also conducted a survey on teacher focus. 1000 questionnaires were distributed to its members by random sampling method acting in January 1995, with a return rate of 45 per cent. The results showed that 61 per cent of the responder found teaching focal pointful. The main sources of stress atomic number 18 sc holars robustious behavior, large class size, too much marking, too much clerical scat and so on.Recent research finding has suggested that when melt downplaceer suffer from extensive stress of the organizational factor, they atomic number 18 potentially to cod burnout. There atomic number 18 few fill conducted in Hong Kong to investigate the correlation mingled with field of dissect stress and burnout. In this study, I would like to find which stress factor contribute to teacher iii dimension of burnout in Hong Kong.Definition of BurnoutBurnout is a term utilize to describe quite a little who are physically and psychologically burnout. Burnout is defined originally by Freudenberger to describe health-care geters who were physically and psychologically burnt out (Byrne, 1994). It way spate would deplete themselves and when they feel burnout, they would feel their physical and mental resources deal been exhaust. The reason to get burnout beca occasion commonwealt h wear out themselves by spendthriftly to strive or reach some unrealistic expectation, so burnout is developed gradually over time as a result of excessive demands derived from task structure.The concept distinguishes amid work stress and burnout is when sight put atomic number 53 crossways stress. Stress place demand disconfirming or compulsory effects. Positive side is mean that people use up average and suitable stress can motivate people work hard and to attain the goal. But burnout is a long term disconfirming result of work stress. Burnout has been viewed as one type of chronic response because of cumulative, long-term work stress experience.(Ling, 1995).If an employee is on a lower floor stress for a prolonged period of time, he or she may finally come to a situation that he or she no longer look at with it. When private feel that they are unavailing to maintain the caring, this finally put ups to the feelings of burnout.Machach (1996) defines burnout syndr ome of stirred enfeeblement, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. (TonyLillian,2007, p.469). So unrestrained exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment is not exist separately, three of them are correlate each some other.Emotional exhaustion refers to the characteristic that individualistic experience that they seem neediness of energy and feeling that their emotional energy is utilise up. This feeling can be come from that they feel frustration and tension in their workplace, so they depend compassion fatigue that they feel that their emotional and psychologically cannot continue to continue their work. Depersonalization is characterized that display a detached and an emotional callousness and cynical attitude toward their co-worker, clients or people surrounding in their workplace. When people under the narrate of depersonalization, they may use some derogatory word when communication with other people. They may withdrawal to commu nicate with other co-worker. When people appear reduce personal accomplishment, the characteristic is they would discombobulate a tendency to evaluate oneself negatively, they would not appreciate themselves even though they cod contribution at work and even agree a decline on feeling employment competence and successful achievement in their work and interaction with people at work. (Coedes Dougherty, 1993)Burnout is a syndrome that affects employees in all occupations, but is especially prevalent among human services workers. Hasida and Keren (2007) indicated that burnout associate with people which the job is giving care to others . Burnout is occurs most in helping professional such as teachers, lawyers, physicians, nurses, social workers and psychotherapist.According to Maslach and capital of Mississippi (1981), professional staff in human service, they have many opportunities in graphic involvement with other people, and this interaction would have chance for staff is char ge with feeling of anger, embarrassment, fear or despair. When people who work continuously with people under such circumstances, the chronic stress would leas emotional draining and have risk for burnout. There are more emotional strain is greatest for the individual who work in helping professions because they are constantly dealing with other people and their problems, their work fill they have involve their emotion to clients problem and face-to-face interaction with other people is emotional charged situations.Cordes and Dougherty (1993) indicated that burnout is a process, the process of burnout is the sequencing of the three components of burnout, Maslach suggested that emotional exhaustion is first developed by the excessive chronic work demands, and this demand would drain individuals emotional resources, thus individual would feel they lack of emotional energy and feeling of organism worn out. Emotional exhaustion would lead ones distant oneself from self from work, so de personalization may be viewed as a type of avoidance heading mechanism used to cope with emotional exhaustion. Depersonalization seem submit an emotional buffer among individual and the stress vexd by emotional demand of the job. Depersonalization is a unique response to burnout.Then when people recognized that their current attitude and their original expectation of execution of instrument in the work is discrepancy. decline the feeling of personal accomplishment were developed. Individual would feel that their ability is not enough to care other people and perform their job.Janssen, Schauffi and Houkes (1999) have mentioned that emotional exhaustion is significantly dogmaticly cerebrate with depersonlization. (r=0.33) And at that place are significant negatively link amongst depersonalization and personal accomplishment (r=0.38) ground on the preliminary findings, the research question in this study is how three dimensions of burnout are related to each other. The bot h related hypotheses are sound outd. The first hypothesis is there are positive acquaintance between emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. The second hypothesis is there are negative association between depersonalization and personal accomplishment. importee of burnoutBurnout has negative consequence on organization, as burnout would affect employee performances.In organization, burnout would affect peoples psychological factor. It would result in low morale, absenteeism, more frequency of tardiness, work alienation, physical and emotional ill-health, teachers leaving the professional, early job retirement. This factor would make organization loss many experienced and experienced people. (Baker, OBrien Salahuddin, 2007 Pines Aronson, 1988). The burnout have been linked with a variety of mental and physical health problems. The effect of mental health is decrease in self-esteem, depression, irritability, helplessness and anxiety. Physical health problems intromit fatigue , insomnia, headache. (Cordes Dougherty, 1993)In the field of influence the quality of fosterage, burnout would decrease the quality of teaching because teachers performances decline. Ioannou and Kyriakides (2007) indicated that when people experience burnout, they would accompany several(prenominal) symptoms, such as physical depletion, feeling disillusionment, they would develop negative attitude toward the work. Teachers experiencing burnout tend to be dogmatic about their practices and to rely rigidly on structure and routine.If people suffer form burnout, it would affect their attitude toward others and it would affect the quality of social human relationship. Ioannou and Kyriakides(2007) indicated that if teacher suffer form burnout, they would have poor interpersonal relationships with colleague and bookmans. calculus and Yahav (1999) also indicated that generally burned-out teacher provide significantly less information, less praise, and less acceptable of their learner s ideas, and they interact them less frequently. The burnout syndrome would affect the teacher perception of their student as when people have suffer from burnout, as teacher would lower students ability and usually they would provide little positive feedback for students answer. Abel and Sewell (1999) also indicated that the consequence of burnout would reduced teacher-pupil rapport and pupil motivation.Teachers are the key persons in the frontline to see to it the quality of teaching to provide to the nigh generation. So it is important to investigate the situation of burnout phenomenon of teachers in Hong Kong nowadays.Work stressTam and Mong (2005) indicated job stress performer people experience psychological state which is incongruence and misfit between workers perceptions of the demands on them and their ability to cope with those demandAbel and Sewell (1999) used transactional model to defined stress, this model emphasized that stress depends on individuals cognitive app raisal of events and circumstance at work and the perception of owns ability to cope with. The experience of stress is due to perception of demand and inability to meet this demand, and finally threat teachers mental or physical well-being.Teacher stressMany studies have been done to identify the causes of stress in teaching. Previous factor analytic studies have identified identify guidance work, inculcate way, student behavior management, workload and time pressure and work relationship is source of stress in Hong Kong. Workload and time pressure are the commonly reported stress in Hong Kong. As in several reports also reported that teachers have to work overload and it is one of the major sources of stress. (Professional teachers union of Hong Kong ,2005)Work stress and burnoutThere are many research have done before had indicated that work stress is related to burnout.Capel.(1991) indicated that individual differences and personality alone can not count on burnout. Because b urnout is affected by the long-term carry on of stressor come from environmental stressor.In Kokkinos(2007) measured the relationship between job stressor and burnout in primary school teachers. It used 63 job stressor which have 11 sub dental plates of work stress, it is students behavior, managing students misbehavior, decision making, relationships with colleagues, berth ambiguity, poor working conditions, appraisal of teachers by students, work overload, appraisal of teachers, time constraints, detail teaching demands. This study run correlation analyses, it showed that emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were significantly positively correlated with all job stressor. And work stress was negative correlated with personal accomplishment.I would use teacher stress scale designed by Hui and Chan (1996) to measure teacher stress in Hong Kong, as this scale is 20 germane(predicate) items were selected form the 55 items in factor analysis. This scale have been conducted in Hong Kong secondary coil school, it is more representative in present study as my target participant is secondary school teachers in Hong Kong.Based on these finding, I formulate the these hypothesis. The third hypothesis is there are positive association between work stress and emotional exhaustion. The forth is there are positive association between work stress and depersonalization. The fifth hypothesis is there are negative association between work stress and personal accomplishment. steering workApart from teaching student academic companionship in school. Teacher in Hong Kong also have responsibility to guide students in their individual development. Kyriacou (2001) indicated that many teachers in Hong Kong have been given additional duties in school guidance work in order to improve the quality of guidance. As a result, guidance work has become a part of each teachers workload in Hong Kong teachers. It is one of the responsibilities that Hong Kong teachers contend to do i n their routine of job. In 1990, the Hong Kong Education commissions, a body which defines teaching methodal objectives and formulates education policy, formally endorsed guidance work as a responsibility of all teachers, thereby advocate a whole school approach to guidance (Hui. Chan,1996,p.201). Guidance work is a process of helping students in their self-understanding and self-development, and facilitate students in their educational, vocational, personal-social development.Hui and Chan (1996) indicated that guidance aspect of works as a potential dimension of stress, until now it has not yet received much research financial aid. But it may lead teacher development their workload as they have additional responsibilities in planning and monitoring whole school guidance programmes. Therefore it would become a part of all(prenominal) teachers workload. In Hui and Chan (1996) study, it indicated that guidance-related aspect of work is one of major dimension of stress in Hong Kon g secondary teachers, they have most stress on individual guidance work, it includes guiding students with behavior, emotional and development difficulties, the lack of improvement in students. Moreover, Lam, Yuon and Mak (1998) stated that teachers feel difficulty in guidance work is one of the factor which teacher feel difficulty they contact in their work.There is no research conducted on the relationship between stress on guidance work and burnout. But there are 2 factors are potential emerged from guidance work. The first one is guidance work increase workload to teacher and the other is guidance work may induce role conflict and role ambiguity for teacher. In the workload of guidance work, it may increase their workload as they are given additional responsibilities to plan, formulate and carry out the guidance work may be related to burnout. The workload and time pressure may be out of expectation. Teacher leave devote more time and energy to perform their guidance work, i t may make them work over time in this aspect.Futhermore, Hui and Chan (1996) stated that teachers would have role conflict between guiding and teaching because there are different responsibility in guidance role and teacher role, and role ambiguity were other aspects of guidance work which constitute sources of stress for teachers.Role theory stated that any role would have a set of expected behavior, such as teacher would have expected behavior such as teaching .Role conflicts would induce in the situations which two incompatible behavior are expected to one individual .Work role ambiguity occurs when the persons lack of acquit, consistent information which have rights, duties, responsibility of the job (Manlove, 1994). Lack of clarify to perform job tasks or criteria for performance evaluations would lead role ambiguity. Manlove (1994) study proved that there are positively association between work ambiguity and emotional exhaustion there are positive association between work a mbiguity and depersonalization and there are negative association between work ambiguity and personal accomplishment.Based on these findings, I formulate three hypotheses on guidance work and three dimension of burnout. The sixth hypothesis is there are positive association between stress on guidance work and emotional exhaustion. The seventh hypothesis is there are positive association between stress on guidance work and depersonalization. The eighth hypothesis is there are negative association between stress on guidance work and personal accomplishment. educate management and burnoutCheng and Ng (1994) indicated that the policy of school- base management is started in 1991. It is a new policy school management initiative issued by the education and Manpower sleeve and Education Department it is a reform of management in school in Hong Kong. This policy and reform focus on changing schools management entitle from external control management to school-based management. The purpose of reform is increase the quality of education and increase the effectiveness of management at school. In this new policy, every schools administrative and management is decided by each school oneself. Every school would responsible for planning and structuring the schools teaching system. School-based management can be viewed stressful if teacher cannot participate in school-base management.Byrne (1994) indicated that one of the sources of stressor is lack of decision making in school. Lack of decision making means they lack of involvements in their quality of work life. If teacher savvyd that they have not enough in participate in decision making, it would increase their opportunities to suffer from role conflict and role ambiguity.Teacher autonomy is important for teachers as teacher working in work condition. When teacher contains higher autonomy, teacher would have higher satisfaction of their job. Autonomy in teaching professional means teacher can control themselves and th eir work in working environment. It include teacher have freedom to make prescriptive professional choice to decide appropriate service and activity to their students. Teacher would experience autonomy when they have freedom and opportunities to interfere or supervision on their teaching process, such as have autonomy to decide own teaching style. Moreover, autonomy also include it can give teacher freedom to participate in some collaborate decision-making which are relevant to the service of student and school policy. And autonomy can give teacher have right to formulate their own rule according to their own choosing. (Pearson Moomaw, 2005). Maslach, Schaufeli and Leiter (2001) indicated that a lack of autonomy is correlated with burnout. Schwab, Jackson and Schuler (1986) indicated that there are correlation between autonomy and personal accomplishment. It using multiple regression, it find that autonomy of teacher have 12% variance to predict personal accomplishment. In contrast , lack of autonomy would lead to lower the personal accomplishment.Lack of interests gives employees a feeling of lack of control over little aspects or demands of their work. Jackson, Schuler and Schuler (1986) found that lack of confederacy in decision making was linked to depersonalization. the reason tush is when individual perceived that they lack of participate in decision making, they would feel that they are in condition which is uncontrollable, so they feel helplessness and feel uncertainly of the operation in workplace. In order to cope with the situation, individuals will depersonalize their relationships with co-worker, clients or the organization.Miller, Ellis, Zook and Lyles (1990) mentioned that participation in decision can decrease the role stress. As there are negative association between participation in decision making and role stress. And there are positive association between role stress and emotional exhaustion. It can explained that people participate in decision making can reduce role stress, and when role stress reduce, it can reduce emotional exhaustion. So it can explained that participation in decision making may reduce emotional exhaustion. I would make hypothesis that there are negative correlation between participation in decision making and emotional exhaustion.Pearson and Moomaw (2005) indicated that several researcher have noted that lack of control or autonomy in ones job contribute to burnout. Feeling of control and autonomy include employee can perceive they have opportunity on decision making on work schedule and develop the policies that directly affect their environment at work. Moreover, participation in decision making is significant correlate to burnout.There are mentioned that there are there are negatively association between participant decision making and emotional exhaustion with r=-0.33. this means that when people have high participation in decision making, they would have lower emotional exhaustion.Based in previous research, hence, we formulate three hypotheses which stress on school management and three dimension of burnout. The ninth hypothesis is there is positive association between stress on school management and emotional exhaustion. The tenth part hypothesis is there is positive correlation between stress on school management and depersonalization. The eleventh hypothesis is there is negative correlation between stress on school management and personal accomplishment.Students behavior management and burnout Managing students behavior in classroom is one of the important responsibilities in teachers role, because teacher would perceive that they need to manage students behavior in classroom as they must be ensure that every students in classroom have equal opportunities to gain knowledge in classroom. But in some situation, there are some student do some misbehavior to distract the pace of teaching and affect the quality of teaching, such as many student talking at the homo geneous time, it would induce much noise which would affect other student acquire knowledge in classroom, so teacher have duty to prevent the situation which have influence normal teaching.Hastings and Bham (2003) indicated that several researchers found that teachers identify student misbehavior as a source of stress. It would make teachers feel stress as there are no clear patterns or consistent action to handle different type of student misbehavior. Many studies paid attention on the association between teacher burnout and student misbehavior. Bilbou-Nakou, Stogiannidou and Kiosseoglou (1999) also indicated that difficulty in managing disruptive children have been presented as one of the major cause of burnout.Friredman (2001) indicated that teachers perceive their students as the main source of burnout in their work because of different problems among different problems such as discipline problems in classroom, unsatisfactory achievement, and absenteeism. Teacher feel deadening to handle the student behavior which interfere with the teaching process. Student misbehavior includes disrespect behavior of student. It include students in class interrupt, derisive, quarrel each other, students in class all speak at the same time, which makes a lot of noises.In Kokkinos (2007) study, there are positive relationship between managing student behavior and emotional exhaustion, with r is 0.53. There are positive relationship between managing student behavior and depersonalization, the r is 0.33. There are negative correlation between manage student behavior and personal accomplishment, the r is 0.20.According to the results of previous studies, we formulate the three hypothesis between stress on student behavior management and three dimension of burnout. The twelve hypothesis is there are positive association between stress on student behavior management and emotional exhaustion. The thirteenth hypothesis is there are positive association between stress on student b ehavior management and depersonalization. The fourteenth hypothesis is there are negative association between stress on student behavior management and personal accomplishment.Workload and burnoutTeacher experience high workload is a serious problem in Hong Kong. Professional teachers union of Hong Kong (2005) survey show that 35.6% teachers report that they have to work overtime for more than 21 hours per week and 14% of them have to work overtime even over 31 hours each week. It also mentioned that education reform is one of the sources to increase teachers workload as teachers have to do many things to keep pace on education reform. Education reform need teacher to do much extra time and effort to match with the pace of education reform.Chan and Hui (1995) have explored teacher burnout in a study of 415 secondary school in Hong Kong have indicated that one of the major sources of stress was having too heavy workload. There are many duties for teachers in Hong Kong, it includes te aching, administration and clerical work, extracurricular activities and discipline and guidance work. Lam., Yuon and Mak (1998) found that the two major difficulties of secondary school teachers feel the most difficulties in work were heavy workload and insufficient time.Santavirta ,Solovieva. And Theorell (2007) indicated that workload means people suffer from excessive demands under time pressure, and also mismatch between the demands of teacher and the teachers ability to cope with this demands.Greenglass, murder and Fiksenbaum (2001) demonstrated that workload was positively associated with emotional exhaustion in hospital nurses. It indicate that when nurse workload has increased and too heavy, they were more likely to experience emotional exhaustion.Dr. Moises Salinas(2004) indicated that work overload in teacher include teachers experience excessive paper work, oversized classes filled with student of different academic abilities and the need for teachers to complete tasks beyond their knowledge base.In Janssen, Schaufel and Houkes (1999) use conservation of resources theory, emotional exhaustion was primary associated with job demand such as work overload. It indicated that emotional exhaustion is positively related to work overload, whereas depersonalization and reduce personal accomplishment are not. Hence, i hypothesized that the fifteenth hypothesis is there are positive association between stress on workload/time pressure and emotional exhaustionWork relationship and burnoutSocial stand up has been seen as helpful resources to let individual cope with stress efficiency. In moderating hypothesis, when individual who have fight backive social relationship they are able to rely on others to help them to deal with some problems in stressful situations, so they would perceive less stress and less affected by stress. In contrast, people who lack of supportive social relationships are vulnerable to the effect of stress. (Russell., Altmaier Velzen, 1987)The quality of work relationship with others could be one of stress at work. The nature of the relationship with ones boss, subordinates, and colleagues can be a major source of stress at work. A trusting and caring environment in the organizations and an effective support system is essential in combating burnout. Burnout can be reduced if individual have good work relationship with others and better support systems at work. When individual have good work relation and support from others, people advice and support can act as tension reduction, help people achieving distance from the situation and a sense of shared responsibility. The stress can release in this situation and hence those people have social support and work relationship would have less prone to burnout. (Pines Aronson, 1988)Codes and Dougherty (1993) indicated that the effect of social support on stress and burnout have received extensive attention in literature. Social support has been identified have a role to buffer job-related stress. Social support can make individual has perception that they can cope with the situations by increase their perception that others will provide the necessary resources. Greater perceived social support from co-workers or supervisor is associated with lower reported levels of burnoutBaker and OBrien (2007) indicated that supervisor and coworker support are important sources of social support, relating to lower level of burnout in the workplace. Rebecca and Wendy (2007) indicated that supervisors and work colleagues are able to provide support in the form of relevant information and feedback, practical assistance and emotional support relevant to the stressful work situation, it can help individual can have more cartel in solving stress. Teachers with receive social support from supervisors reported less emotional exhaustion, more positive attitudes and greater personal accomplishment.Cordes and Dougherty (1993) indicated that social support may cause the individual to redefine the bad situation at work and enhance the individuals perceived ability to cope with the demand bring forth by the stressful workplace.Maslach, Schaufeli and Leite (2001) indicated that social support is one source of job resources they indicate that job resources can acts as buffer effect from the process of job demand and burnout. In this result, it indicated that lack of social support is linked to burnout.Hasida and Keren(2007) mentioned that social support at work were negatively related to exhaustion, depersonalization and positively related to personal accomplishment.Base on these findings, I formulated three hypotheses on stress on work relationship and burnout. The sixteenth hypothesis is there are positive association between stress on work relationship and emotional exhaustion. The seventeenth hypothesis is there are positive association between stress on work relationship and depersonalization. The eighteenth hypothesis is there are negative assoc iation between stress on work relationship and personal accomplishment.MethodParticipantsThe seek consists of 44 participants. In the aspect of gender, 20 were male and 24 were female. They were all full-time teaches in secondary school in Hong Kong. In the aspect of teaching experience, 14 participants have 5 years or less teaching experience, 5 participants have 6-10 years teaching experience, 25 participants have 11 years or more teaching experience. 21 participants are single and 20 are married. In the religion aspect, 14 participants have religion and 28particpants have no religion.MeasuresTeacher stress were assessed using the Teacher stress scale designed by Hui and Chan (1996) for Hong Kong teachers. There are 20 items which have five dimension of stress. It is stress on guidance work, school-based management, student behavior management, workload and work relationship. Teacher were requested to rate each item on 5-point scale ranging from 1to 5. 1 means no stress, 2 means mild stress, 3 means moderate stress, 4 means much stress, 5 means extreme stressTeacher burnout were assessed using Maslach burnout inventory. The three subscales of the MBI are emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Emotional exhaustion includes 9 items. Depersonalization contains 5 items, and personal accomplishment include 8 items. The 22 items are rated on a 7 point-likert-type scale on which the respondent indicates how often a feeling has been experienced ranging from 0 (never) to 6 (everyday). 0 means never, 1 means a few times a day, 2 means monthly, 3 means a few times a month,4 means every week , 5 means a few times a week and 6 meanseveryday(Abel Sewell, 1999 Maslach Jackson, 1981)The scoring of MBI using .Lau, Yuen and Chan (2005) indicated that scores of the MBI subscales is using the normative distribution, high if they cutpurse into the upper third portion of the normative distribution average if they fall into the middle third and l ow if they fall into the lower third. As this study sample size is quite small, it would not representative to analysize using normative distribution. So I would use scoring based on the study in Lau, Yuen and Chan (2005) study. As their study was conducted in weewee An Important Source Of Life peeing preparation An Important Source Of Life peeing is an important source of life on earth and about 71 percent of the surface of the earth is pee. Almost 40 percent of the world people is directly at the mercy of refreshful rivers water and about 2/3rd of these people live in developing countries. Water for all as a basic need can be defined as a public good and human right. This target dominates the entire world as a global water challenge. Water governance refers to the political strategy or diplomacy majorly affected by water availability and growing demand of water. When water is involved in the look of political policies for a particular country, and is used as a political we apon, it is known as water government or hydro-politics (Nazakat, 2011).Hydro politics is the systematic study of conflict and cooperation between states over water resources that transcend international borders(Elhance, 1999).Water shortage has badly affected the rustic sector of Pakistan which heavily depends on agro based economy. The agricultural lands of the Punjab and Sindh, mostly depend on canal water irrigation because in some areas underground water is salty. Present water crisis, if allowed to continue, would reduce the production of wheat, sift and sugarcane etc. Briefly water crisis in the country has spread deep concern. The shortage is threatening to create famine like condition across Pakistan (Ahmed, 2012).1.2-Historical BackgroundOn partition of India, Ravi, Sutlej, and Bias were allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty (1960) and the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab to Pakistan. Unfortunately, the hydrological Region from where these six rivers originate lie in occupied Kashmir under the racy occupation of India. As such, the control of these rivers is in the hands of India because of the unjust partition of India. India has started politics in water and uses water as a weapon to get ahead terrorist objectives. India has therefore acquired the capability to control water of Pakistans rivers namely, Chenab River, Jhelum River and the Indus River that originate in the Indian occupied Kashmir-a disputed territory. Pakistan faces great danger at the hands of India as it has strengthened 32 large dams on these rivers creating dead storage of more than 10 MAF and live storage of about 38 MAF in violation of the IWT that only allows 4.19 MAF of water to India. Besides this, India is building another 9 major dams on these rivers (Kabbes, 2007).India uses water as a weapon of mass destruction. In fact, it is terrorism using water as a weapon so that Pakistan is unable to produce food for its rapidly growing population. As a result, Pakistan wil l face famine, hunger, death and sparing destruction. India has acquired the capability to use water as a weapon of mass destruction by causing famine and hunger. India has turned water terrorist an international crime. Water failures are prominent, both materially and politically, by international and subnational hydro politics. Within Pakistan there are many water issues like shortage of waterless crops cultivated which results in food crises and huge reserve be spent to overcome the problem and externally many issues rising like India stopped the supply of water to Pakistan from every canal flowing from India to Pakistan. The internal issues of Pakistan include the wrong planning of Kalabagh which created controversy on two counts, and there was status quo for 37 years as no dam was allowed to be built. This resulted in flood and the crippling load shedding destroying economy (Kabbes, 2007).India cheated Pakistan on Indus Waters Treaty by depriving it of its unending waters irr igating eastside Punjab of Pakistan. In replacement to the permanent water diverted by India, Pakistan, in return got storage water in Tarbela dkm Reservoir on the Indus, and Mangla Dam Reservoir on Jhelum River, both are Pakistans own rivers, allotted under the Treaty. Storage created on our rivers cannot be part of the deal. This means, Pakistan got nothing in return of the perennial water diverted by India irrigating East Punjab of Pakistan (Kabbes, 2007).2.1-HypothesisGovernment lacks the resources and political will for the construction of small and big dams.Indus Water Treaty discrepancies in the implementation of IWT are the main cause of water conflict in South Asia.3.1-Research QuestionsWhat is hydro politics?What are the internal and external issues in water sector of Pakistan?What are the factors behind the delay of construction of dams and reservoirs of Pakistan?What is the Indus Water Treaty and its implications on hydro politics?RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To gain an intelle ctual understanding of what hydro politics is about. To identify internal and external issues related to hydro politics in Pakistan. To identify the reasons behind the delay of construction of dams4.1-RationaleTo analyze the factors behind the delay of construction of dams and the distribution of water within Pakistan4.2-Statement Of The ProblemHydro politics is an important factor and life without water is unattainable. Population rate is rising day by day and we dont have enough water nor do we have dams and reservoirs to store water so researcher has selected this issue to aware government who shall make such water policies which proved to be helpful in agricultural sector.5.1-Research MethodologyThe method during the research will be descriptive and analytical. Researcher will conduct both qualitative and quantitative method for research study. two primary and secondary source of information will be used for the collection of data which would comprise of books, journals, artic les and newspapers. Interviews will also be conducted and statistical method will be applied for testing of hypothesis.6.1-Literature ReviewIdris (2011) analyzes how the conflict of water distribution arose. Initially water distribution was through a system of canals without any control structures and withdrawal was governed by the level of water in the inundation canals which remained unpredictable. As demand of water usage of one actor grew, it nonessentially lead to conflict with the other actors. Steps in this regard were taken in the 19th century to control the unpredictable water supply and provide advised water supply in the inundation canals by constructing head works across rivers. The first head works was commissioned in 1859 by which supply on the Upper Bari Doab became assured followed by several other head works across tributary rivers in Punjab during 1882 to 1901 and two major irrigation projects by 1935 viz Sukkur outflow on the Indus and the Sutlej Valley project . This article would help researcher to analyze how erratic water supply lead to inter-provincial as well as external water issues in Pakistan.Mustafa (2010) explains that the official argument depicts the picture of a scarce water resource, which is being wasted by being allowed to flow out to sea , and outlines a doomsday scenario should additional storage not be built on the Indus River.However, water scarcity especially in the aftermath of the drought in gray Pakistan in the latter half of the 1990s, coupled with the single-minded focus of the Pakistani water bureaucracy on water development, has made the issue of the construction of Dams and reservoirs a substitute for a repeated series of inter-provincial grievances. The controversy is beginning to split public opinion in Pakistan, particularly in Sindh province, where more than 80 percent of the groundwater is saline, making the provinces farmers exceptionally dependent on surface-water supplies, which itself may be compromi sed by the construction of upstream dams and reservoirs. The dam project at the moment is in unheated storage, particularly on account of the combined opposition of not just Sindh but also of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan. Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa is concerned about the potential flooding of rich tilth and Pashtun cultural heartland by the lake that will be created behind the dam. The province is also unwilling to lend its support to the project because of doubts based on the poor enter of the Pakistani government in providing for the recovery of those affected by earlier large-dam projects. This article would help the researcher in evaluating that the methodology behind the construction of dams and reservoirs was consequent to bring about delays because it did not include all stakeholders and unsettled negotiating process.Akhtar (n.d.) explains that that the Indus Water Treaty was devised to find a solution that was not driven by sanctioned principles, but instead by principles of water engineering and economics. IWT was signed as a permanent solution to the water sharing problem between the two countries when water was in abundance in the Indus system. This Treaty governs trans boundary water rights and obligations of India and Pakistan in relation to each other by assigning full use of waters of the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab rivers to Pakistan, with minor exceptions, for existing uses in Kashmir giving Pakistan 75 per cent of the waters of the Indus Basin system and allowed India, under carefully specified conditions, to tap the gigantic hydropower potential of the three Western rivers, before they entered Pakistan. The heightened climate changes underway, growing water scarcity and insecurity in the basin has resulted in politicization of the water issue between the two countries coinciding with Indias ambition to construct a large number of hydropower plants, especially on the Chenab and Jhelum rivers. This article will help the researcher to access th e Indus Water Treaty and the implications of hydro politics on it.Pakistans Waters at Risk (2007) in this report it has been discussed rapid population growth, urbanization and unmanageable water consumption practices to have placed an huge stress on the quality as well as the quantity of water resources in the country which have led to hydro politics in the region. With regard to growing tensions, there is an urgent need to develop policies and approaches for bringing water withdrawals into balance with recharge. Though relevant policies like National surround Policy, National Water Policy (Draft), National Drinking Water Policy (Draft), National Environment Policy regulatory framework like the Pakistan Environmental trade protection Act 1997 and laws like the Canal and Drainage Act (1873) and the Punjab Minor Canals Act (1905), which prohibit the corrupting or fouling of canal water Sindh Fisheries Ordinance (1980), which prohibits the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial waste into water, and The Greater Lahore Water Supply Sewerage and Drainage Ordinance (1967) etc. are in place, there is no clear strategy devised so far to implement them. This report helped in guiding the researcher to know how hydro politics plays a crucial role in formation national/international water policies.Turton and Henwood (2002) explain the concept and limitation of hydro politics in developing countries. They assert in the book that hydro politics is emerging as a specific discipline, largely as a result of the increased awareness of water scarcity and erratic supply due to rapid population growth, urbanization and unsustainable water consumption practices. For these reasons, a greater focus on the development of conceptual clarity has become essential. The realization of the fact that life is impossible without water is the fundamental driving force behind hydro politics. As more and more people compete for and rely on the declining water resources, it has become a c hallenge for the environment and therefore a political issue. This book would help researcher to analyze the concept of hydro politics and the factors inflicting its importance.TABLE OF CONTENTSTitleChapter-1 presentmentHistorical BackgroundChapter-2 HypothesisChapter-3 Research QuestionsChapter-4 Rationale Statement of the problemChapter-5Research methodologyChapter-7-Literature reviewChapter-8-Conclusion.