Three Strikes And Youre Out Law Essay -- essays research papers

Three Strikes Youre Out LawWe have all heard of the newest anti-crime police force force, the "Three strikesand youre out" law. It wasnt easy getting this law from the bill stagein Sacramento to the law stage, because it is not a criminal friendlylaw. Meaning that this laws purpose is to bring pain, suffering, and determent to criminals. Our state government was basically ran bythe Assembly Speaker Willie Brown, now mayor of San Francisco.Brown had the power to choose who sat on what committee in thehouse, and using this he could terminate any bill he did not agreewith. And with this attitude it took a lot of patients and perseveranceby the people difficult to pass this bill. But how did the bill become abill? I will answer this question with help of the Kimber Reynoldsstory.Monday, June 29, 1992 in Fresno, atomic number 20 a boylike woman wasbrutally murdered outside The Daily Planet, a restaurant patronized bythe local young people. The girl was visiting home for the summertimeafter existence in the Los Angeles area attending school. Her and a friendwere getting into their car when two guys on a motorcycle rode up attached to Kimber Reynolds blocking her in, taking her purse, and beatingher into submission. The story made the 11 oclock news only minutesafter her father had gone to bed. When police ran a background checkon the two suspected men, Joeseph Micheal Davis and DouglasWalker, both men had recently been released on parole with multipleoffenses on their records. Unfortunately Davis was neer brought inbecause when police were attempting to arrest him he began firing,wounding unsuspecting police officers and ultimately being killed.Douglas Walker was convicted of accessory to murder. mike Reynolds, Kimbers father, went on the radio receiver on a local radioshow called the Ray Appleton Show, KMJ 580. There he would discusshis outrage intimately how he was sick of repeat offenders being locked uponly to be released after a fraction of the sentence was completed. Heswore to the people listening that he was going to do somethingabout the problem, even so if it takes him forever. Listening to that showwas Fresno Assemblyman Bill Jones (R). He was interested in theissue and arranged a meeting with Mike. They discussed ideas abouthow they could solve this problem. With that in mind Mike used some connections and g... ...victions.There were repeated warnings about the cost to implement the new law,but few have addressed the other side of the equivalence and the savings tothe state, in lives and in dollars. Had our 1993 crime rate continuedunaffected over these past few years, nearly 815,000 additional crimeswould have been committed in California, including 217,000+ violentcrimes. We would have suffered more than 4,000 homicide victims6000+ women would have been victims of rape. Also the savings indollars is between $5.8 billion and $15.5 billion since the enactment ofthe "Three Strikes" law.There has been swift and spectacular impact on crime since the enactment ofthe "Three Strikes" law. The crime rate has dropped more than 30%. Butthere are other factors that play a part in this reduction like crimeprevention, and community policing. However there has been a significantdrop in the crime rate. Also the predictions about cost, over populatingand others have not come true. With all of the opposition out there tryingto tear this law down I believe that California can not afford to do withoutthis law because it is saving our state money and lives.

Essay on Flight in Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon Toni Morrison essay

Theme of Flight in Song of Solomon Clearly, the significant silences and the stunning absences throughout Morrisons texts become profoundly semipolitical as well as stylistically crucial. Morrison describes her own work as containing holes and spaces so the reader can come into it (Tate 125), testament to her rejection of theories that privilege j the indite over the reader. Morrison disdains such hierarchies in which the reader as participant in the text is ignored My writing expects, demands participatory reading, and I think that is what literature is sibyllic to do. Its not just about telling the story its about involving the reader ... we (you, the reader, and I, the author) come together to make this book, to feel this experience (Tate 125). But Morrison also indicates in each of her novels that images of the zero, the absence, the silence that is both chosen and enforced, are ideologically and politically revelatory. Morrisons male characters ... imagine themselves in fli ght and are almost all in love with airplanes. ... In the tradition of raw literature since Richard Wrights Native Son, however, the privilege of flight, at least in airplanes, is mostly reserved for white boys. Black males, in Morrison, fly only metaphorically, and then only with the assistance and the inspiration of black women. According to Baker, in his aptly titled When Lindbergh Sleeps with Bessie Smith, flight is a function of black womans conjure and not black male industrial initiative (105). ... Song of Solomon opens with the image of attempted flight, as Robert Smith, ironically an agent of the North Carolina Mutual support Insurance company, promises to take off from Mercy and fly away on my own wings (3). Pilate (P... ... style and in an attempt to discount linearity as a value.) It would be worse than useless, for example, to talk about plot development in Morrisons novels there is plot, certainly, but its revelation culminates or evolves through a functioning of c ompilation of multiple points of view, varieties of interpretation of events (and some of these contradictory), through repetition and reiteration. As there is no climax, in the usual sense, so also there is no resolution, no series of events that can conveniently be labeled beginning, middle, end. Works Cited McKay, Nellie, editor, Critical Essays on Toni Morrison, G.K. Hall, 1988. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York Penguin Books, 1987. Rigney, Barbara Hill. The Voices of Toni Morrison, Ohio State University Press Columbus, 1991. Tate, C., ed. Black Women Writers at Work, Continuum, 1986.

Motivating Employees Essay -- Business Management

MOTIVATING YOUR EMPLOYEESEvery human being needs motivation now and then. Incentives and recognition programs can reinforcer you in helping your employees become happier and more productive at work. As a leader, one of the main things to think about is how to recognize an employee for a process that has exceeded expectations, objectives and goals. Therefore, I would like to introduce you in this paper to or so ideas that hopefully would promote this method as one of the main priorities in todays and tomorrows workplace.People lack to do more than work as machines they want to be productive as well as being recognized by others. Following the roaring managers handbook, when employees have the opportunity to work with a leader who ch completelyenges, inspires and appreciates them, they are more likely to perform above their expectations.However, there are two different strategies when relations with this matter that are necessary to identify before implementing these techniques. According to Philip Holmes, although the two often seem interchangeable, recognition should not be confused with incentives. intelligence involves all the techniques that draw attention to employees who perform. Incentive programs generally use selective techniques to induce people to achieve a specific objective, such as increasing sales. Recognition can be spontaneous, even to the extent that there is no formal announcement that the organization has a recognition program. Incentives are designed to act as carrots, and theyre publicized well in advance to whip up enthusiasm for winning a tangible reward.Turnover, absenteeism, and low productivity are some of the many reactions that an unmotivated worker might bring to the company. However, leaders ... ...ccording to the successful managers hand handbook, people are the key to your organizations present and future success. Organizations compete for giving as well as for customers. Having a reputation as a desirable place to work helps organizations attract and retain top people. It is to your advantage to discern the talent of your organization and to know what needs to be done to help each person develop, and understand the priority of a particular talent so you can meet your business goals.There are many methods to promote and expand employee motivation. The main goal to motivating your employees is to know them enough where as a leader you will know what motivates them, and as a result, you will create a motivation program based on those needs. I believe that employee merriment is the key to a successful workforce, and it will definitely help pay for itself.

NAT :: essays research papers

Network Address Translation (NAT) is a standard used to allow multiple PCs on a private network to share a single, globally routable IPv4 reference book. NAT enables a user to have a large set of addresses internally and usually oneness address externally. The main reason NAT is often deployed is because IPv4 addresses are getting scarce. NAT is an immediate, but temporary, solution to the IPv4 address exhaustion problem that will eventually be rendered unnecessary with the deployment of the IPv6. The network Engineering Task Force has been aware of the impending depletion of the current address space for almost a decade. The increasing use of NAT comes from a number of factors. The major(ip) factor is that there is a world shortage of IP addresses. As the Internet has grown, assigning perfectly good network addresses to private networks came to be seen as a waste. Under the Network Address Translation (NAT) standard, certain IP addresses were set aside for reuse by private netwo rks. In addition to reduce the number of IPv4 addresses needed, NAT also provides a layer of obscurity for the private network, because all hosts outside of the private network observe communication through the one shared out IP address. NAT is not the same thing as a firewall or a proxy server, but it does contribute to security. NAT also succeeds in the ease and flexibility of network administration. It quarter divide a large network into several smaller ones by exposing only one IP address to the outside, which means that computers can be added, removed, or have their addresses changed without impacting external networks. Other benefits include Protocol-level protection, Automatic client computer configuration control, and Packet level filtering and routing.In using NAT, hosts on the Internet appear to be communicating directly with the NAT device rather than with the actual host inside the private network. Inbound packets are sent to the NAT devices IP address and the device changes the destination packet header from its own Internet address to the private network address of the true destination host. The result is that, in theory, a single globally unique IP address is used for hundreds, thousands, or even millions of privately addressed hosts. In practice, however, there are drawbacks. For one thing, many Internet protocols and applications depend on the network being truly end-to-end, with packets forwarded entirely unmodified from the source to the destination.

Macbeths Sinister Side :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeths Sinister Side When the audience experiences Macbeth by William Shakespeare, it is subjected to a large and heavy dose of evil in the do work of intent and actions by the witches, by Lady Macbeth and by Macbeth. L.C. Knights in the essay Macbeth specifies the particular species of evil present within the play Macbeth defines a particular sorting of evil - the evil that results from a lust for power. The defining, as in all the tragedies, is in strictly poetic and dramatic terms. It is certainly not an abstract formulation, nevertheless lies rather in the drawing out of necessary consequences and implications of that lust both in the external and the spiritual worlds. Its meaning, therefore, is revealed in the expansion and unfolding of what lies within the initial evil, in terms of direct human experience. (93) In Macbeth as the Imitation of an Action Francis Fergusson describes the evil course of action within the drama At this even out there is the brief interlude with the Doctor. The kings evil and its cure and the graces which hang about the English throne are briefly described. . . . It marks the turning point, and it introduces the notion of the pull in by faith to Divine Grace which will reverse the evil course of the action when Malcolm and Macduff learn to outrun reason in that way, instead of by responding to the Witches supernatural solicitations as Macbeth has done. (110) Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare interpret the main theme of the play as intertwining with evil While in settlement and others of Shakespeares plays we feel that Shakespeare refined upon and brooded over his thoughts, Macbeth seems as if struck out at a heat and imagined from first to last with rapidity and power, and a subtlety of slyness which has become instructive. The theme of the drama is the gradual ruin through yielding to evil within and evil without, of a man, who, though from the first tainted by b ase and ambitious thoughts, yet possessed elements in his nature of possible honor and loyalty. (792) The Tragedy of Macbeth opens in a desert place with thunder and lightning and ternary Witches who are anticipating their meeting with Macbeth, There to meet with Macbeth. They all say together the mysterious and contradictory Fair is foul, and foul is fair.

Macbeths Sinister Side :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeths Sinister Side When the audience experiences Macbeth by William Shakespeare, it is subjected to a large and heavy dose of evil in the form of intent and actions by the witches, by Lady Macbeth and by Macbeth. L.C. Knights in the essay Macbeth specifies the grumpy species of evil present in spite of appearance the play Macbeth defines a particular kind of evil - the evil that results from a lust for power. The defining, as in all the tragedies, is in strictly poetic and dramatic terms. It is certainly not an kidnap formulation, but lies rather in the drawing out of necessary consequences and implications of that lust both in the external and the spiritual worlds. Its meaning, therefore, is revealed in the expansion and unfolding of what lies within the initial evil, in terms of direct human experience. (93) In Macbeth as the Imitation of an Action Francis Fergusson describes the evil course of action within the drama At this point there is the brief interlude with the Doctor. The kings evil and its cure and the graces which hang about the English throne are briefly described. . . . It marks the turning point, and it introduces the picture of the appeal by faith to Divine Grace which will reverse the evil course of the action when Malcolm and Macduff learn to outrun reason in that way, quite of by responding to the Witches supernatural solicitations as Macbeth has done. (110) Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare interpret the main theme of the play as intertwining with evil While in Hamlet and others of Shakespeares plays we feel that Shakespeare refined upon and brooded over his thoughts, Macbeth seems as if struck out at a heat and imagined from first to last with rapidity and power, and a civilisation of workmanship which has become instructive. The theme of the drama is the gradual ruin through yielding to evil within and evil without, of a man, who, though from the first crooked by base and ambitious thoughts, yet possessed elements in his nature of possible honor and loyalty. (792) The Tragedy of Macbeth opens in a desert place with big H and lightning and three Witches who are anticipating their meeting with Macbeth, There to meet with Macbeth. They all say together the mysterious and contradictory Fair is foul, and foul is fair.

Financial Literacy Essay

India is among the universes nigh efficient monetary markets in terms of technology, regulation and systems. It overly has unrivaled of the highest savings rate in the world our gross base savings rate, which bonnied 19% of gross domestic product (GDP) between 1996-97 and 1999-2000, increased to about 23% in 2003-04 and has been growing ever since. man savings be more in India, where the savings are invested is a ca using up for concern. Investments by households order been more into either bank fixed deposits, riskless government-backed securities and low-yielding instruments, or in non-fiscal assets.A majority of our households do not use modern financial markets. As per an RBI report, only 1. 4% of household savings was invested in equity, mutual funds and debentures in 2003-04. Though this went up to about 4% in 2005-06, it is still very small. Unless the common person becomes a wiser investor and is saved from wrong doings, wealth creation for the investor and the economy will remain a distant dream. We need to convert a country of savers into a nation of investors. Which one should you use?Such questions and choices appear tough to even urban population not to talk of those in rural areas, where most of Indias population is. When it comes to financial solutions, investors tend to use thumb rules or seek advice from friends and relatives, which are often brusk approximations compared to those that follow from a systematic process. If they get bad advice, their outcomes will be poor, and they will start to lose faith in the financial sector. A big improvement of financial knowledge of households is incumbent so that they participate perpetually in financial markets.Financial literacy plays a significant role in the efficient allocation of household savings and the ability of individuals to meet their financial goals. It also means the ability to seek sound financial advice. Financial literacy has assumed greater vastness in recent years as financial markets have become increasingly complex and the common man finds it very difficult to make informed decisions. Financial literacy is considered an important adjunct for promoting financial inclusion and lastly financial stability.Both developed and developing countries, at that placefore, are focusing on architectural planmes for financial literacy/ rearing. In India, the need for financial literacy is even greater considering the low levels of literacy and the capacious section of the population, which still remains out of the formal financial set-up. To look financial planning, a person should be financially literate to understand the importance of preparing household budgets, cash-flow management and asset allocation to meet financial goals.Everyone saves cash for future needs but the approach is to save surplus currency without preparing household budgets, without prioritizing personal financial goals, without properly allocating investments in different asset classes and without understanding the real rate of return (after adjusting for inflation). Financial literacy has become an immensely popular grammatical constituent of financial reform across the world.As a response to the recent financial crisis, the joined States government set up the Presidents informative Council on Financial Literacy in January 2008, charged with promoting programs that improve financial education at all levels of the economy and helping increase access to financial services. In the developing world, the Indonesian government declared 2008 the year of financial education, with a stated goal of improving access to and use of financial services by increasing financial literacy.Similarly, in India, the Reserve Bank of India launched an initiative in 2007 to establish Financial Literacy and Credit Counseling Centers by means ofout the country which would offer complete financial education and counseling to urban and rural populations. The World Bank also hasnt been missing out on the trend it recently canonic a $15 million Trust Fund on Financial Literacy. But what do we know about financial literacy? Does it work, and if so, through what mechanisms? Despite the money being ploughed into financial literacy programs, we know very little to address these important questions.While it is true that there is a large and growing clay of survey evidence from both developed and developing countries that demonstrate a strong association between financial literacy and household well-being, we are still in the process of learning whether this relationship is causal. While survey analysis can control for all observable variables in the survey questionnaires such as income, gender, age, education, etc. , there may be some unobserved variables, such as ability, that may be driving the positive correlation between financial literacy and use of financial services.In addition, people who choose to participate in surveys or literacy seminars may be q uite different in terms of their interests in financial matters, for instance, than those who do not participate. The positive correlations may therefore be driven by endogenous selection. Further, survey evidence cannot distinguish the direction of causality greater financial literacy may lead to greater use of financial services, or just as likely, individuals who use more financial services may score better on financial literacy assessments based on their experience in financial markets.Experimental studies on financial literacy, similar to medical drug streaks, lay off for overcoming the problems of selection and endogeneity that are associated with survey analysis. There are only a handful of completed studies on financial literacy, though more are in the pipeline. In the developed world, research evidence that financial education can affect decision- make comes from a randomized evaluation conducted at a major university in the United States.Duflo and Saez (2003) implemented an encouragement design, in which they randomly offered some administrative employees a small financial incentive ($20) to attend a session which provided reading on retirement products. Those receiving the incentive were significantly more likely to attend the training session, and this had a small, but significant impact on their savings decisions, as more individuals in the treatment group enrolled in tax-deferred retirement accounts.In a paper I coauthored with Shawn Cole and Thomas Sampson, we provide the first occupy in this direction in the developing world, through a randomized evaluation of a financial literacy training program in Indonesia. Participants in this report consisted of unbanked households, half of whom received an invitation for a free financial literacy seminar 2-3 hours in length. Although take up of the training is high, we find no effect of the program on the likeliness of opening a bank account in the general population.We do, however, find that the t raining has a significant impact on unschooled and financially unlettered households, increasing the likelihood of opening a bank account by 12% and 5%, respectively. These results suggest that financial literacy training programs should be motorcarefully targeted at these subgroups of individuals. Additionally, a more schoolwide financial literacy program that is delivered over several weekly sessions, rather than a single session of a few hours, may be required to change financial behavior among households in the general population. The need for a more detailed and extensive financial educationprogram is also reflected in research by Cole, Gine et. al (2009) on rainfall insurance for low-income farmers in Andhra Pradesh, India. Specifically, they randomize the provision of an education mental faculty about converting the measure of rainfall in millimeters to soil moisture. Since farmers typically decide when to sow using soil moisture whereas insurance payouts are calculated u sing millimeters, the education module should improve farmers understanding of the insurance policy. However, results indicate that the education module had no significant effect on insurance participation, possibly because the intervention was quite minimal.The education component only involved using a ruler to demonstrate a length of 10mm and 100mm, and subsequently showing a chart of how 100mm of rain translates into average soil moisture for a particular soil type. Moreover, the training was presented quite briefly, taking no more than 2 to 3 minutes. Thus, a modest enumerate of financial education appears to be insufficient in inducing households to participate in financial markets, and a more thorough financial literacy program may be necessary to do so. There are even fewer ongoing studies attempting to look at other aspects of financial literacy behavior.Exceptions include Cole, Shapiro and Zia, who are conducting a randomized evaluation of a video-based financial literacy training program in India, which includes modules on loans, savings, budgeting and insurance. Elsewhere, Hastings and Mitchell are conducting an experiment among Chilean households, to determine whether or not financial literacy has an effect on an individuals ability to make optimal financial decisions and Karlan, McMillan and Kutsoati are carrying out a randomized control trial in Ghana where rural bank customers receive six 15-minute financial literacy lessons.The jury is still out on whether financial literacy is a useful and cost-efficient tool for promoting financial access. The studies mentioned here and m all more that are in development should enhance our understanding of what works, how it works, and for whom it works. Indians have better financial literacy levels than most others globally and rank present moment out of 10 leading nations in having a basic financial literacy level, a survey said. Indians turn out to be the second out of 10 leading nations in the world t o have a basic financial literacy level (55 per cent), just behind the Japanese, an ING Consumer Resourcefulness Survey, said.A majority of Indian consumers have not only shown better skills in managing their household financial budget but are also confident of facing any financial impediments in future as compared to citizens of nine other countries, the survey said. The survey was carried out amongst 5,000 consumers across ten major nations, including India, the USA, Mexico, The Netherlands, Romania, Poland, Belgium, Spain, Korea and Japan. The survey shows that a whop 84 per cent of Indians prefer get life insurance products as compared to 54 per cent globally.A similar percentage of Indians believe in maintaining a household budget with a focus on savings. School for Investor Education & Financial Literacy (SIEFL) Financial Literacy Programmes through schools NISM intends to introduce financial education in schools through the Pocket Money program. Currently the program covers more than 4300 children from 32 schools across North, South and East India. The program is in the process of being introduced in the schools in the Western region. The Spread of Financial LiteracyIt is better to start early with the process of financial education as discipline in money matters is an important typical of an individual. Children should be taught the benefits of saving and introducing the age old concepts of having a piggy bank can be a welcome start. Schools need to inculcate these habits in students and stepwise introduce them to the basics of personal finance. A beginning has already been made by introducing subjects on basic finance in the school curriculum at certain centers.Reserve Bank of India is promoting this early education of children by adopting a friendly and entertaining way through the medium of comics. They are also support the young to participate in contests, the winners of which are awarded scholarships. It is the vulnerable sections of society like women, senior citizens, the rural and urban poor who need to be adequately enlightened and equipped. The Financial Literacy programme of RBI is tackling all these issues through different means. Their website is a store house of knowledge provided there is an urge to learn.The individual has to be proactive and be eager to grasp the necessary knowledge to safeguard himself and thereby his money. RBI is making extra efforts to be as transparent as doable in the larger interest of the common citizen by reaching out to them through their out reach programmes. These pro-grammes which were held during the 75th year of RBI in 2010 in far corners of the country were primarily to educate the masses about the activi-ties of RBI and how to utilize the available banking services for their betterment.Most banks also have their financial literacy departments and computer address counseling centers where personal problems are addressed. How much of these centers are successes is deba-table because a very small percentage of people know about these facilities and even if they know there is an inherent hesitation to seek their help. The websites of banks and financial institutions also have all the details about their products and services. In case of doubts it is advisable to refer to these portals to avoid making any wrong or improper decision.The concern is that incomplete or half baked knowledge is not used to take decisions which are repented later. BCSBI or Banking Codes and Standards Board of India have been set up by RBI as an apex body to improve the working of banks and introduce systemic changes wherever necessary for better treatment of customers. While their primary focus remains on customer service they are also participating in disseminating information on different aspects of banking. For an effective literacy campaign it is important that information asymmetry between service provider and customer is reduced.In this connection banks have unilaterally u ndertaken to consent with a Code of Commitment to Customers detailing the nature of services provided by banks, the normal time taken for rendering these services and the various obligations of banks who have subscribe these codes. only when there is sensation can the customers use the code to their benefit. It is for the individual to take advantage of the provisions provided there is willingness to learn. BCSBI also publishes a quarterly newssheet which is both informative and educative.The importance of promoting financial literacy and the enormity of the task is being gradually understood. This has made many organizations enter this field to make their presence felt. modernistic ways have been adopted to keep the literacy efforts simple and user friendly for maximum benefit. Websites, print media and audio visual communications relating to financial education are easily accessible for the average individual to improve his under-standing of the financial market, its product s and services.National dailies, banks, financial institutions,private organizations are individually contributing through easy to understand pamphlets, comic strips, newsletters etc. to reach the consumer covering fundamental issues. Seminars, conferences, interactive sessions are often arranged to address issues of common concern and dissemination of information. Spreading of information and awareness is critical for an emerging economy like India. If the vast population of deprived people is brought into the mainstream it would be of immense benefit both as a social necessity as well as an economic push.The call for financial inclusion in the country has therefore become an immediate anteriority and is engaging the attention of policy makers for effective execution. It would reap dividends only when the targeted people are financial literate. Only then would they be able to make the most appropriate choice of the products and services which would improve their position. The vast majority of our people are extremely vulnerable as they depend upon informal sources of finance for meet-in their needs.Only by empowering them with the adequate knowledge can we hope to improve their lot and that of the economy as a whole. The penetration of banking and insurance services is extremely poor in India and if the coverage is extended by simultaneous spreading of financial literacy it would be a huge progress for overall growth. The formal channels of money transmission has to be introduced for all round benefit as for far too long the poor, gullible people have suffered at the hands of the money lender and his brethren.The international body Organization for Economic Development OECD is putting its weight behind RBI in promoting financial literacy in India. There is no running away from this hard fact for which the financial service providers are also being trained to encourage the dissemi-nation of information in as comprehensive a way as possible. However it is the individual as the consumer who needs to grasp and absorb the knowledge for his betterment and safety. Money creation through the let way is hard and painstaking but can be lost in no time if there is improper financial planning.Financial awareness is a critical component in the process of protecting and enlarging the corpus of funds that an individual may have. The survey shows 84 per cent Indians prefer buying life insurance products compared to 54 per cent globally and a similar percentage of Indians believe in maintaining a household budget with focus on savings. Indians are averse to borrowing money. They borrow money only in case they have to buy a house (50 per cent) or a car (43 per cent).Compared to 33 per cent globally, 87 per cent of Indian households have an emergency fund. The survey was conducted by New York Stock Exchange-listed, ING Groep, and research consultancy firm, Epiphany, amongst 5000 consumers across ten nations, including India, United States, Mexico , Netherlands, Romania, Poland, Belgium, Spain, Korea and Japan. It was to gain a better understanding of how consumers financial literacy level influences their attitudes and behaviours and identify the potential similarities and differences across countries, age and gender.

Deaf Culture

deaf(p) Culture in America CAPSTONE PROJECT By heather Velez Liberal Arts Capstone LIB-495-OL010 Dr. David Weischadle April 19,2013 Abstract The mean of this explore paper is to answer the major(ip) brain, what is deafen subtlety? There argon three sub- motions that go away assist in answering the major question (1) What constitutes deaf(p) kitchen-gardening? (2) How has American support voice communication impacted the indifferent(p) community? (3) What be the major issues that argon creation addressed in indifferent(p) husbandry today? With these questions answer, it pass on experience a go bad go appearing as to what indifferent(p) socialization is and that it is indeed a acculturation.The methodology of my look for is based off of internet, books, and a play along. My methodology of this paper is clear and simple. It was hard to find a dowery of worryly sources that should be utilize in this paper. A survey of one question to the general public in or der to prove a point and purpose of this paper. Gallaudet University website has amazing sources to use and as well helped pass by in choosing the right books/websites to do the research. In this paper at that place will be a locoweed of unlike terms that will confuse the readers.I will take the succession now to go over a few of the terms that will be used in this paper. * ASL (American Sign lyric poem) * deafenhood (indifferent(p) Culture, indifferent(p) pride) * ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) * Bi-Bi (Bilingual-Bicultural) * CODA (Child of desensitize Adult(s)) * NAD ( report Association of the indifferent(p)) I With my research I spend a penny found a shell out of interesting discoveries. Not merely were the books and internet research merely with the survey I conducted of one simple question, what is desensitize finis? After asking this question to 50 community I mother received some interesting answers that were actually surprising.This research has ta ught me a lot of interesting concepts and issues that be creation face up today in the deaf communities. II T qualified of Contents Introduction . 1 Literature Review .. 3 Methodology .. 7 Results . 9 sum-up 16 Discussion of Results . . 20Work Citied . 21 III 1 Introduction In this paper I will be discussing deaf market-gardening in America. The volume conclusion is invariably interesting and has always been debated on.When tidy sum think of indifferent(p) culture they only think of the dustup that is shell outd among the deafen communities. that like other cultures, Deaf culture is more than just a quarrel sh bed among others. Deaf culture has been debated on in such that it isnt a culture and its nevertheless being debated on today (Padden and Humphries). This paper is intended to educate others virtually Deaf culture and how it is most defiantly a culture. Most bulk bring on non hear of Deaf culture and let alone draw met mortal Deaf. I hope that this pap er will educate those who atomic number 18 unaw be of Deaf culture and be do more accepting.Deafness is kn consume to be abnormal in the business world. Business professionals tend to look out over read the Deaf communities because of their lack of speech and hearing loss. A lot of Deaf people in general are looked at as someone with a learning disability or might of psychological worrys. In a professional compensateting things are done differently between the hear Culture and the Deaf culture. In Deaf culture it is alright to turn off and on the lights to get e trulyones attention in a dwell this is non okay for a hearing professional ( householdmedia).There is a huge gap in go throughledge among the general public on Deaf culture (Padden and Humphries). The way Deaf people act in their effortless lives may confuse others. Because the general public might think the way Deaf people act is taboo they think Deaf people have learning, psychological disabilities because it is not normal for 2 them. A lot of people dont hear how Deaf people have a culture and might make assumptions that Deaf culture doesnt exist (Wilcox 2-5). My job is to answer that major question what is Deaf culture?There are to a fault questions that rig out such as, what constitutes Deaf culture? There are two other questions that are very important into explaining the importance of Deaf culture, which is, how has ASL (American Sign Language) impacted the Deaf community and what are the major issues that are being addressed in Deaf culture today? This topic is very important to me because I was raised in the Deaf culture. My entire family is Deaf and have faced many of these questions that hearing people are unaware about. I feel that it is my job to educate when I have the chance to do so.By being adequate to(p)-bodied to educate at least one person, I have done my job. I do not think there is enough in shapeation out there to overturn everyones awareness of Deaf culture. Whil e investigating this topic I will be toilsome to ask at least 30-50 people Deaf and hearing, about what they think Deaf culture is. I am very curious as to how many understand Deaf culture and how many Deaf people actually know what Deaf culture is. Deaf culture has been suppressed for many divisions that even the Deaf people might not know what really makes up Deaf culture.I also what to get the Deaf peoples take on what they think are the major issues that are being dealt with today and also how they think ASL has impacted their communities (History). I know that everyone will have a different take on these two questions and it is always interesting to see the different answers. I know that these questions and the answer that I get back will make the paper a whole lot more worth reading and understanding from a Deaf persons perspective. 3 Deaf culture is very important to the Deaf communities.Deaf people have for many years fought to have their culture recognized, besides still to this day Deaf culture is still being questioned as a culture. I hope that this paper will fate those who read this that there is more to Deafness than what meets the eyes. I hope that I am able to help others understand Deaf culture and have a new respect for the Deaf communities around us (Padden and Humphries). Literature Review Rev. Jesse L. Jackson once said, The problem is not the students do not hear. The problem is that the hearing world does not listen. In 1988, the rally that went on at Gallaudet University, Deaf President Now, raiment off major awareness of the Deaf communities in the fall in States. This was the beginning of what would change how people perceived the Deaf communities to be. Although, this was 25 years ago, the Deaf communities are still trying to get the awareness out (Deaf President Now). The Deaf communities are still trying to educate the United States that they are not to be perceived as people with disabilities and are unable to do much, but p erfectly able bodies that can do just about anything but hear.With that being said, the 1988 rally at Gallaudet University paved the way for other Deaf communities in the United States to raise awareness and try to educate others which remains a difficult task to this day. With no language and no culture, there is only isolation which Deaf people will no longer allow (Deaf President Now). Deaf culture has been questioned from sentence to time. It wasnt until the rally at Gallaudet University 25 years ago that a light was shone on deafness as a whole. 4 Although Deaf culture was formally recognized in 1965, people still didnt know much about it (J, Michelle).The rendering of culture explained by Dictionary. com 1. The quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, ect. 2. That which is excellent in arts, manners, etc. 3. A stopicular form or stage of civilization, as that of certain nation or period Greek culture. 4. Development or improvement of the mind by education or training. 5. The Behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age root the youth culture the drug culture. (dictionary. com) The debate still is whether or not Deaf citizens have a culture.Given the definition above of what constitutes a culture, Deaf culture consists of all of these. The Deaf culture in America, like many other cultures, have a shared language American Sign Language (ASL) (Padden and Humphries). ASL is used for Deaf people to communicate with one some other and also to communicate with hearing people who know of the language. ASL is a visual/gestural language there is no vocal gene to the language. ASL is not a universal language, but other countries do have their own signed languages such as Italian Sign Language, and British Sign Language (J,Michelle).The use of ASL shares an identification and unity with other Deaf members in communities. Dr. Barbara Kannapel has observed Deaf communities to understand their values, rules, and traditions. She has concluded the following Deaf communities are supporters of the 5 primary sense of vision for communication at shoal, in their homes, and in their communities (About American). They value the Deaf children that enter the world as the future of their Deaf culture, it is important to them to have Deaf children to pass on their language.Continuation of Deaf culture goes through the traditions of their films, folklore, poetry, literature, organizations, and educate reunions. These traditions are very important to the Deaf communities and those who have children must pass on their traditions, otherwise they will be judged deep trim their communities (About American). Deaf culture has been looked at as arbitrary because most of their language, ASL, cannot be translated into English. Even though Deaf culture has been somewhat acknowledged, the Deaf people are still fighting to be recognize d and respected (J, Michelle).ASL is a complete and refined language. ASL contains its own grammar, culture, and syntax. The standardized Sign Language can date back in the early seventeen hundreds which supports the ASLs origins. ASL isnt a written form of language and cannot be written into English. When translating ASL it is completely different from the English language (J, Michelle). Abbe de lEpee was from capital of France and actual the Old French Sign Language in his Deaf school in 1754 (History). This was the counterbalance time that Deaf individuals had a school they could copy and allowed to learn. This was the frame work in the making for ASL.Meanwhile, in America, shortcomingthas vineyard the birth rate of Deaf people where astonishingly high. The Deaf people that lived in bollocks upthas Vineyard had a genetic code that caused deafness at birth. While there were so many Deaf people living in the area the Marthas Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL) was created and used in so many households that had Deaf members. Another great man 6 named, doubting Thomas Hopkin Gallaudet is accredited for the promotion of signing methods in America. He later partnered up with Dr. Mason Cogswell to research methods for Deaf children in Europe (History).Once Thomas had reached American the first Deaf school was opened in 1817, American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. It was at this very school that ASL was born and where all different Sign Languages could forge the making of ASL. Today this school is now known as, American School for the Deaf. The children that attended this school later graduated and moved on to opening their own Deaf schools in the United States, influencing the language to thousands of Deaf children and adults. American Sign Language wasnt always accepted and had some difficult time being accepted indoors society.Near the end of the 1800s the use of oralism was imposed on the Deaf. He didnt believe that ASL was a language that should be used. H e believed the Deaf were being lazy and could learn to spill the beans. With this movement it had hindered the growth of ASL in many Deaf communities across America. Deaf individuals couldnt use their hands to communicate anymore and had to try their best at speaking for what they wanted. This completely crushed the education and language they were destined to have. They no longer could understand anyone let alone themselves, no language meant isolation (History).Carol Padden and Tom Humphries are co-authors of the book Inside Deaf Culture. In chapter 6, they show the similarities with the past silent films to the modern day silent Deaf theater. There is no difference within the two but for some reason with the modern society that we live in, its taboo for silent Deaf theater. tribe do not 7 understand Deaf people in general enough to understand and appreciate the Deaf theater. Deaf theater is part of Deaf culture, when learning the language you have to be able to show gestures which are used in silent films and Deaf theater (Padden and Humphries 123-143).Deaf people have been pushed in so many different directions with so many people making changes on what they should be doing. The bottom line is no language and no culture there is only isolation which the Deaf people will no longer allow. With all of these milestones in the history of the Deaf culture, there is only more to come. Abbe de lEpee was a great man that gave a voice to those Deaf people who were silenced by their communities (About American). With the help of Thomas Gallaudet, Gallaudet University would have never set off the major awareness about deafness to America.Gallaudet University was the place that paved the way for many Deaf Americans to stand up and educate those around them of their language and culture (Deaf President Now). Methodology This research paper is on the topic of Deaf culture in America. The major question that I will be researching is what is Deaf culture? This paper wi ll also be exploring these sub-questions in order to conclude the research paper what constitutes Deaf culture, how has American Sign Language impacted the Deaf community, and what are the major issues that are being addressed in Deaf culture today?This topic is very detailed and so many unexplored areas. There will be a few different ways in researching this project. There will be a survey asking the general public and Deaf communities a simple question of, what is 8 Deaf culture. This question will allow me to be able to show the major differences between the two different communities. This research will also be victimization the Gallaudet University website to do most of my research. With the help of Gallaudet University website, other sources were found. Gallaudet has done so much research on topics today that Deaf communities are facing and also on Deaf culture.Gallaudet is the best source to receive and find entropy on this topic and very reliable. I will be answering the fol lowing sub-questions 1. What Constitutes Deaf Culture? Using the dictionary. com for definition of culture shows what is involved within a culture. This definition will better show the true meaning of culture and show that Deaf culture is indeed a culture. Knowing the definition will help others understand Deaf culture. There will be a one question survey asking a mixture of Deaf and hearing people this question to get an idea as to how many know about Deaf culture or the definition of culture. . How has American Sign Language impacted the Deaf community? Looking through the history from signgenius. com, will give a better understand how American Sign Language has impacted the Deaf communities. Gallaudet University has also published an article called About American Deaf Culture which gives you an insight on the impact it has caused. 3. What are the major issues that are being addressed in Deaf culture today? 9 Gallaudet University archives will be assisting in answering this questi on and also the National Association for the Deaf.This question will have a long list of items, but this paper will be touching upon the most important topic of today. Once all of these sub-questions are answered, the goal is to get the general public to understand the Deaf community better and understand the meaning of Deaf culture. This research in hope will make others more interested in researching more on their own and answer more of their questions. I have already started to ask questions to the general public and to Deaf communities as I go along. I am collecting my answers and putting them into similar answered piles to make up some kind of percentage I could use in my paper.I am also researching the Gallaudet University archives for facts on each topic. I will be using the facts I find from Gallaudet University and from the questions that were answered by the people to confirm my findings in my paper. Results This paper is intended to answer the major question, what is Deaf culture? This question is also followed by three sub-questions to help answer my major question. (1) What constitutes Deaf culture? (2) How has American Sign Language impacted the Deaf community? (3) What are the major issues that are being addressed in Deaf culture today?These sub-questions will also in the end answer many other questions that might arise when reading this paper. The plan is to educate others who are unaware of this topic. Culture has been defined in a way that many believe deafness couldnt peradventure be 10 in its own category of culture (J, Michelle). This paper will be explaining that Deaf culture is indeed a true culture and should be respected just as much as other cultures. What Constitutes Deaf Culture? In order to answer this first question, what constitutes Deaf culture, we request to first look at the definition of culture.The definition is explained by Dictionary. com 1. The quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regard ed as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, ect. 2. That which is excellent in arts, manners, etc. 3. A particular form or stage of civilization, as that of certain nation or period Greek culture. 4. Development or improvement of the mind by education or training. 5. The Behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group the youth culture the drug culture.Just like any culture in the world, Deaf culture consists of social beliefs, values, behaviors, literary traditions, and art which are explained above in the definition (About American). A Deaf house hold will have the same way of communication and how they are able to live within a hearing world. Flashing lights will be the first thing noticed within a Deaf house hold. They flash their lights to get attention of another family member or their alarms, doorbell, and telephone are connected to some kind of flashing device. American Sign Language (ASL) is also shared within the Deaf cu lture.This language is very important to the way they communicate. This language is very visual 11 and abstract, its important to have every detail laid out in the language in order for a Deaf person to understand what is being said (Padden and Humphries 123-126). ASL shares no similarity to English grammatically it doesnt share any aspect of English in any way broken, gestural or even mimed. English uses the subject-object-verb while ASL uses topic-comment syntax. Sign language has been developed specific to their communities and isnt universal (Nakamura).There are also small communities set up all over for Deaf people to come together and share information or just to have great conversations. These communities are very important to the Deaf culture because there are not a lot of Deaf people living in one area, in order to meet and learn information from each other they have little communities set up and have monthly gatherings. These communities are much like the ones you will fin d in small villages and tribes but in large industrial societies (Wilcox 2-5). How has American Sign Language wedge the Deaf friendship?To start out with answering this question I would like to give a little soil on ASL just so there is a more understanding as to what ASL is and how it impacted the Deaf communities in America. ASL is a complete and refined language. ASL contains its own grammar, culture, and syntax. The standardized Sign Language can date back in the early seventeen hundreds which supports the ASLs origins. ASL isnt a written form of language and cannot be written into English. When translating ASL it is completely different from the English language (J, Michelle).Abbe de lEpee was from Paris and developed the Old French Sign Language in his Deaf school in 1754. This was the first 12 time that Deaf individuals had a school they could attend and allowed to learn. This was the frame work in the making for ASL. Meanwhile, in America, Marthas Vineyard the birth rate of Deaf people where astonishingly high. The Deaf people that lived in Marthas Vineyard had a genetic code that caused deafness at birth. While there were so many Deaf people living in the area the Marthas Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL) was created and used in so many households that had Deaf members (History).Another great man named, Thomas Hopkin Gallaudet is accredited for the promotion of signing methods in America. He later partnered up with Dr. Mason Cogswell to research methods for Deaf children in Europe. Once Thomas had reached American the first Deaf school was opened in 1817, American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. It was at this very school that ASL was born and where all different Sign Languages could influence the making of ASL. Today this school is now known as, American School for the Deaf.The children that attended this school later graduated and moved on to opening their own Deaf schools in the United States, influencing the language to thousands of Deaf children an d adults. American Sign Language wasnt always accepted and had some difficult time being accepted within society. Near the end of the 1800s the use of oralism was imposed on the Deaf. linguistic scientist believes that ASL wasnt a language that should be used. They believed the Deaf were being lazy and could learn to speak. With this movement it had hindered the growth of ASL in many Deaf communities across America.Deaf individuals couldnt use their hands to communicate anymore and had to try their best at speaking for what they wanted (History). This completely crushed the education and language they were destined to have. They no longer could understand anyone let alone 13 themselves, no language meant isolation. With this isolation came frustration. They were looked at as disabled and unable to function. No one pattern anything of a Deaf person, they pushed them in the back of the classrooms and allowed them to sit there all day until school was finished (History). What are the Major Issues within the Deaf Community Today?There is one major issue that is hitting home for just about all Deaf communities in America. Deaf schools are stop throughout the entire United States. There were 63 Deaf schools in the United States that is no longer the case (U. S. State). Currently there are about 12 different Deaf schools in the United States that are in jeopardy of closing, 9 of these schools are in New York alone. The cause of these schools closing is the aim of saving money for each state. These schools are government funded even though they are private schools. The government officials are trying to cut down cipher by closing these schools.They are also proposing that these students from the Deaf school attend the mainstream schools that are in their area. They think its as simple as that but it really isnt. It is hard for a Deaf student to get an interpreter that is willing to stay throughout the entire school year with them (NAD). The advantages of a Deaf s chool are the following 1. Exposure to Deaf culture. Children who are sent to Deaf schools are exposed to the culture and language. It is important that they are exposed to understand who they are and to provide self-esteem. 2. The environmental learning that surrounds the children is essential to their 4 language. Communication is very vital to any person in the world, being able to speak the same language in school provide a better learning experience. 3. Deaf schools prevent children from falling into education and social gaps. They are able to learn important life skills just like every other child. 4. Deaf schools that are closed translate into job losses for those that are Deaf teachers. These Deaf teachers are less likely to be hired into a public school (Stop Closing). Another issue has also risen in the year of 2003. This may not be an issue for the general public but it has become an issue for the Deaf communities.Before explaining this I do want to take the time to share the true passion the Deaf have for their culture. It is true that many Deaf people wouldnt do anything to change their life, such as being able to hear. They love and accept who they are and embrace their Deafness and their culture (J, Michelle). With that being said, scientists have been able to identify 30,000 genes that make up the human being, this also including genes that cause Deafness. In the mix of all of the new findings colleges and universities all over were starting to offer American Sign Language courses.American Sign Language courses are among the fifteen most popular taught languages across the United States. With this genetic information doctors and scientists are approaching their goal in being able to identify and better the gene for Deafness. With this possibility it will most likely eliminate Deafness and American Sign Language. This is a big blow to most Deaf communities across the United States because their culture is very precious to them (Padden and Humphr ies 163- 15 166). They are not looking to be corrected they are looking to be understood by others.This is causing a lot of doctors to do more examinations of them instead of understanding them at all. Deaf people do not want to be looked at as some kind of science experiment. Each year there are thousands of Deaf children that are getting implanted with a cochlea implant this helps the eardrum to react to sound. With these implants they hinder the learning process of language because these children are not taught ASL, they are forced to talk instead. These implants are also a big problem when it comes to needed an MRI or even a lifesaving defibrillator.An MRI or defibrillator could cause the implant to explode and kill the person instantly (163-166). From the above questions stated, there is much to research and so many more questions that may arise. With the research presented in this chapter, the conclusion is somewhat vague but is the building block of what to come in the next chapters of this paper. Again to reinstate the meaning of the word culture once again culture consists of social beliefs, values, behaviors, literary traditions, and art (J, Michelle). Deaf culture also has the same categories that are stated above.Survey A survey was conducted by myself of 50 different people. This was only a one question survey, what is Deaf culture? The survey was with 25 people from the general public and 25 people from the Deaf communities. Its important to have asked the same question to the Deaf communities because not every Deaf person were exposed to the Deaf culture or even use American Sign Language (J, Michelle). The results of this survey are 16 20 people answered with, Deaf culture? Is there such a thing? 5 people answered with, Deaf culture? I never heard of it. people answered with, A group of people, meeting together once a month. 10 people answered with, Deaf culture is when history and traditions are shared and passed down to the next generati ons. 10 people answered with, Traditions, history, stories, and beliefs are passed down and shared with Deaf families. Having Deaf children passes down these traditions that are shared. Some of these answers have the full idea of what Deaf culture is and others are unaware of Deaf culture. This goes to show that there are a lot of people out there that do not know what Deaf culture is or even that it exist.I hope that this paper will create curiosity and learn more about it. Summary There is a huge gap in knowledge among the general public on Deaf culture (Padden and Humphries). The way Deaf people act in their daily lives may confuse others. Because the general public might think the way Deaf people act is taboo they think Deaf people have learning, psychological disabilities because it is not normal for them. The purpose of this paper is to educate others that are unaware of the Deaf culture here in America (J, Michelle). Education is mightiness and once people understand more , they are more accepting.The major question is what is Deaf culture? In order to make this a 17 triple-crown paper and to be able to answer this question there are the following sub- questions. (1) What constitutes Deaf culture? (2) How has American Sign Language impacted the Deaf community? (3) What are the major issues that are being addressed in Deaf culture today? These sub-questions help understand and answer the major question. research wasnt only based on internet, books, and journals I also took it upon myself to question 50 people. The question that was asked is what is Deaf culture?When asking this question I have found some interesting answers and it also supports the purpose of researching this paper. The methodology of this paper is clear and simple. Finding a lot of credible sources satisfies my research paper and also having a one question survey to the general public and Deaf communities in order to support the purpose of this paper. The Gallaudet University websi te has amazing sources to use and also helped guide in choosing the right books/websites to do this research. Gallaudet also gets a lot of their research and studies from these two authors, Carol Padden and Tom Humphries.These two authors are very knowledgeable in Deaf culture and how the communities are run they have taken the time to study the Deaf communities in order to write their books. What really motivated me to do this research is a quote from Rev. Jesse L. Jackson, The problem is not the students do not hear. The problem is that the hearing world does not listen. (Deaf President Now) This quote is sums up the acknowledgment that the general public in America are unaware of Deafness and the culture that Deaf people share. In 1988, the ally that went on at Gallaudet University, Deaf President Now, set off major awareness of the Deaf communities in the United States. This was the beginning of what would 18 change how people perceived the Deaf communities to be. Although, th is was 25 years ago, the Deaf communities are still trying to get the awareness out. The Deaf communities are still trying to educate the United States that they are not to be perceived as people with disabilities and are unable to do much, but perfectly able bodies that can do just about anything but hear (Deaf President Now).With all my research I want to be able to share a brief summary as to how I was able to answer these sub-questions I created in order to answer the major question. My research was pretty extensive and it took some time to break it down enough to give a direct answer to each sub-question. What Constitutes Deaf Culture? Dictionary. com has provided the definition of culture in order to answer the important question, what is Deaf culture? vainglorious the definition of culture is a great base to start off of. Being able to understand the definition will give a better understanding of how Deaf culture fits in the same criteria of any culture.Deaf culture has been debatable by many as to whether it was considered a culture or not. Just by putting the definition of culture and explaining all the components that make up a culture and how Deaf culture has the same components, already answers the major question but its still only half the answer. I have also asked a single question to 50 people on what they archetype Deaf culture was. This also supported the fact that the general public is not knowledgeable in this topic. 19 How has American Sign Language Impacted the Deaf Community?Carol Padden and Tom Humphries have extensive knowledge about Deaf communities and how the impact of American Sign Language has made on Deaf communities. In order to answer this question, it required a brief history review. In order to understand how hard it was for the Deaf to communicate without sign language I believe gives another perspective on how important American Sign Language is to the Deaf communities. Also This helps answers the first sub-question by add ing that American Sign Language is part of their culture because its a language that is shared throughout the communities and will be passed down to the generations to come.What are the Major Issues within the Deaf Community Today? The NAD (National Association for the Deaf) has been reporting on the major issues in the Deaf communities. As of the present day there are not enough Deaf schools around. This is a major problem because language skills, social skills, and the exposure the children get to their culture are very important (NAD). These schools are being shut down due to the fact there is very little knowledge as to how important these schools are to the Deaf communities. This topic is very important to mention because it also answers my first and second sub-questions.This issue shows how important it is to preserve American Sign Language along with their culture. Children in this generation are having a hard time with being able to be exposed to the Deaf culture because the se schools are unable to be open to provide this exposure. In order for schools to stay open the government has to be educated in Deaf culture and their language. Without the knowledge they will continue to make these devastating decisions (Stop Closing). 20 Discussion of Results With this research I have found that the knowledge about Deaf culture in general is very minimal within the United States.We are aware of Deafness but we are not aware of the culture and the language that represents these people. In the books by Carol Padden and Tom Humphries, they basically summed up how misunderstood the Deaf communities are. Deaf communities are look at as being disabled and in need of help when that is far from the facts. With this paper and the resources I have provided in it will hopefully prompt others to look more into this topic and educate themselves about Deaf culture. With the three sub-questions that I have choose, (1) What constitutes Deaf culture? 2) How has American Sign Lan guage impacted the Deaf community? (3) What are the major issues that are being addressed in Deaf culture today? I believe I have answered them all in detail and they all strongly support and answer my major question what is Deaf culture? In conclusion to this paper, I believe it is safe to say that with more knowledge in this topic the Deaf communities will be able to preserve their culture and be understood more as individual Americans. Deafness is not a weakness it is just a miss component to the five senses. Deafness shouldnt be considered a disability but as an opportunity. 1 Work Cited About American Deaf Culture. Gallaudet University . N. p.. Web. 2 Mar 2013. http//www. gallaudet. edu/clerc_center /information_and_resources/info_to_go /educate_children_(3_to_21) /resources_for_mainstream_programs /effective_inclusion/including_deaf_culture /about_american_deaf_culture. html. American Sign LanguageHistory. SignGenius. N. p.. Web. 3 Mar 2013. http//www. signgenius. com /ameri can-sign-language/american- sign-language-history. shtml. Deaf President Now. Gallaudet University . N. p.. Web. 2 Mar 2013. http//www. gallaudet. du /Gallaudet_University/About_Gallaudet /DPN_Home/Impact. html. J, Michelle. Deaf Culture Uncovered. Articlesbase (2008) n. pag. Web. 2 Mar 2013. http//www. articlesbase. com/languages-articles /deaf-culture-uncovered-612047. html. NAD Action Alert Preserve State Schools for the Deaf. National Association of the Deaf. N. p. , 16 FEB 2011. Web. 3 Apr 2013. http//www. nad. org/news/2011/2/nad-action- 22 alert-preserve-state-schools-deaf. Nakamura, Karen. About American Sign Language. Deaf Resource Library. N. p. , 13 Jul 1995. Web. 3 Apr 2013. lthttp//www. deaflibrary. org/asl. html Padden, Carol, and Tom Humphries. Inside Deaf Culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2005. Print. Stop Closing Schools for the Deaf. Deaf Think Tank. N. p. , 27 Sep 2012. Web. 3 Apr 2013. http//deafthinktank. org/stop-closing-schools - for-the-deaf/. U. S. State Residential Schools for the Deaf. Deaf Education. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 Apr 2013. http//www. deafed. net /PageText. asp? hdnPageId=105. Wilcox, Sherman. American Deaf Culture An Anthology. Burtonsville, Maryland Linstok Press, 1989. 2-5. Print.

The Lust Lizard of Melancholy Cove Chapter 19~20

NineteenAll You Need to K directly Ab divulge ThatIntimacies, what happens between twain people in private (or one person and a Sea Beast in a pasture), are not the business of anyone but the parties involved. Still, for the sake of the voyeur in us all(prenominal), a tidbit or two to satisfy curiosityMolly tried, made a valiant effort in fact, but even for a woman of such finely physical conditioning, the task was too great. She did, however, manage to locate near the couch a gas-powe cherry-red weed-whacker (which the late drug chefs used to clear flammables from the area) and with firm but tranquillize application of that rude machine, and a little coaxing, was able to bring Steve to that state the French inscrutably retrieve the little death.And soon after, what at first seemed an insurmountable obstacle, the size difference, was turned to advantage, allowing Molly to join Steve in that place of peace and pleasure. How? Imagine a slow slide down a long, slippery bannister of a tongue, each taste bud a tease and tingle in just the right place, and you can understand how Molly ended up a satisfied puddle snuggled in that spot between his neck and shoulder that women so love. (Except in Steves case, it didnt make his arm go to sleep.)Yes, there was a bit of the awkwardness that comes with the unfamiliarity and exploration of new l everywheres, andTheos Volvo was get goingly smashed before Steve realized that rolling around on the ground was an inappropriate centering to display his enthusiasm, but a boxy Swedish automobile is a small price to pay for passion in the great scheme of things.And that is all you need to spang most that.TwentyTheoOver the years, Theo had learned to forgive himself for having inappropriate thoughts at inappropriate times (imagining the widow naked at the funeral, grow for a high death toll in Third World earthquakes, wondering whether white slavers provided in- abode financing), but it worried him to a greater extent tha n mostwhat that, while hand-cuffed to a chair, waiting for his executioner, he was turn overing about getting laid instead of escaping or making amends with his creator. Sure, hed tried to get away, managing to do little more than tip the chair over and give himself a bugs-eye view of the dirt floor, but shortly after that, when the voices outside had stopped, he was overtaken with thoughts of women hed had and women he hadnt, including an erotic mental montage of the erstwhile actress and resident Crazy Lady, Molly Michon.So it was embarrassment as much as relief that he felt when, after the sound of a weed-whacker and the crashing of metal, Molly popped her head into the shed.Hi, Theo, she said.Molly, what are you doing here?Out for a walk. She didnt come in, just craned her head around the corner.Youve got to get away from here, Molly. in that respects nigh really dangerous guys around here.Not a problem. You dont neediness any help then?Yes, go get help. But get away from here. Theres guys with guns.I mean, you dont penury me to uncuff you or anything?Theres no time.Theres plenty of time. Where are the keys?On my key ring. In the ignition of my car.Okay. Be right back.And she was gone. Theo hear some pounding and what sounded worry golosh glass being shattered. In a second Molly was back in the doorway. She tossed the keys on the floor near his head. Can you get to those?Can you unlock me?Uh, Id rather not right now. But youll be able to get to those eventually, wont you?MollyYes or no?Sure, butOkay. See ya, Theo. Sorry about your car.And formerly again she was gone.As he scrambled in the dirt to get to the keys, he was still troubled about the unwarranted wave of horniness that had overtaken him. Could it fox been commemorate off by the handcuffs? Maybe hed been into bondage all these years and never even knew it. Although when hed been arrested right before Sheriff Burton had blackmailed him into becoming constable, hed spent almost two hour s in handcuffs and he didnt remember it being an espe-cially erotic experience. Maybe it was the death threat. Was he turned on by the thought of being unsettled? Man, I am a sick individual, he thought.In ten minutes he was free of both the handcuffs and the dogging thoughts of sex and death. Molly, Joseph Leander, and the house trailer were gone, and he stood before the ruins of his Volvo with an entirely new set of questions nagging him. The roof of the station w pastn was now mashed down to level with the hood, three of the quartet tires were blown, and on the ground, all around the car, were the baseball swings of what had to be a very, very large physical.There were two trails that had matted down the grass leading away from the shed and over the hill. One, obviously, was the track of a person. The other was wider than the dirt road that led into the ranch.Theo dug into the Volvo for his gun and cell mobilise, having no idea what to do with either of them. There was no on e to call and certainly no one he wanted to shoot. Except maybe Sheriff John Burton. He searched the area, put up Joseph Leanders gun, and tucked it into the sash of his jeans. The keys were still in the red four-wheeler, and after a minute of measuring the ethics of borrowing the truck against having been kid-napped, handcuffed, and almost killed, he climbed into the truck and took off across the pasture, following the double trail.GabeGabe and the rancher stood over the pulverized remains of the Holstein, waving flies away from their faces, while Skinner crouched a few yards away, his ears back, growling at the mess.The rancher pushed his homburg back on his head and shuddered. My people drop been running dairy and beef cattle on this land for sixty years, and I aint never heard or seen anything like it, Gabe.His name was Jim Beer. He was fifty-five, going on seventy, leathery from too much sun and stress, and there was a note of the sad sole(a) under everything he said. He was tall and thin, but stood with the broken-backed slouch of a beaten man. His wife had left him years ago, driving off in her Mercedes to live in San Francisco and taking with her a note worth half the value of Jim Beers thousand acres. His only son, who was to have taken the ranch over, was twenty-eight now and was busy getting thrown out of colleges and into rehabs all over the country. He lived alone in a fourteen-room house that rattled with emptiness and seemed to suck up the laughter of the ranch hands, who Jim fed in his enormous kitchen every morning. Jim was the detain of his breed, and he would forever trace the beginning of his downfall to an affair hed had with the witch who once lived in Theos cabin at the edge of the ranch. Cursed he was, or so he believed. If the witch hadnt run off ten years ago with the owner of the general store, he would have been sure the mutilated cattle was her doing.Gabe shook his head. I have no idea, Jim. I can take some samples and have some test run, but I dont even know what we are guessing at here.You think it was kids? Vandals?Kids tip cows over, Jim. These look like theyve been dropped from thirty thousand feet. Gabe knew what appeared to have happened, but he wasnt willing to admit it. There wasnt a creature alive that could have done this. There had to be another explanation.So youre saying aliens?No, I am definitely not saying aliens. Im not saying aliens.Something was here. Look at the tracks. Satanic cult? whoreson it, Jim, unless you want to be on the cover of Crackpot Weekly, dont talk that way. I cant tell you what did this, but I can tell you what didnt. This was not aliens, or Satanists, or Bigfoot on a binge. I can take some samples and run some tests and then maybe, maybe, I can tell you what did this, but in the meantime, you should call the state ag guys and get them out here.I cant do that, Gabe.Why not?I cant have strangers running around on my land. I dont want this gettin out. Thats why I c alled you.Whats that? Gabe held up a finger to hold his place in the conversation, then looked to the hills the sound of an engine. In a second a red four-wheel-drive pickup appeared on the hill headed toward them.Youd better go, Jim Beer said.Why?Youd just better. Nobodys supposed to be on this side of the ranch but me. You need to go.This is your land?Lets understudy in your truck, son. We need to go.Gabe squinted to get a better look at the truck, then waved. Thats Theo Crowe, he said. Whats he doing in that thing?Oh shit, Jim Beer said.Theo pulled the truck up succeeding(a) to Gabes, skidded to a stop, and crawled out. To Gabe, the constable looked pissed off, but he couldnt be sure, having never seen the expression on Theo before. Afternoon, Gabe, Jim.Jim Beer looked at his boots. Constable.Gabe noticed that Theo had two pistols stuck in his jeans and was half-covered with dust. Hi, Theo. Nice truck. Jim called me out to take a lookI know what that is, Theo said, tossing his head toward the mashed cow. At least I think I do. He strode up to Jim Beer, who seemed to be severe to sink into a hole in his own chest.Jim, you got a crank lab back there turning out enough product to publicize all of Los Angeles. You wanna tell me about it?The life seemed to drain out of Jim Beer and he fell to the ground in a splay-legged sit. Gabe caught his arm to keep him from cracking his tailbone. Beer didnt look up. My wife took a note for half the ranch when she left. She called it in. Where else was I going to get three million dollars?Gabe looked from Jim to Theo as if to say, What the nuthouse?Ill explain later, Gabe. I have something I have to show you anyway. Theo pushed Jim Beers Stetson back so he could see the ranchers face. So Burton gave you the money so he could use your land for the lab.Sheriff Burton? Gabe asked, only confused now.Shut up, Gabe, Theo snapped.Not all of the money. Payments. Hell, what could I do? My grandfather started this ranch. I could nt sell off half of it.So you went into drug dealing?I aint never even seen this lab youre talking about. Neither have my hands. That part of the ranch is off-limits. Burton said he had you in the cabin to keep anyone from coming in the back gate. I just run my cattle and mind my own business. I never even asked Burton what he was doing out there.There million dollars What the hell did you think he was doing? Raising rabbits?Jim Beer didnt answer, he just stared at the ground between his legs. Gabe held his shoulder to steady him and looked to Theo. Maybe finish this later, Theo?Theo turned and walked in a tight circle, waving his hands in the air as if chasing away annoying spirits.You okay? Gabe asked.What the fuck do I do now? What do I do? What am I supposed to do?Calm down? Gabe ventured.Fuck that I got murders, drug manufacturing, some fucking giant living creature of some kind, a whole town thats gone nuts, my car is mashed, and I have a crush on a crazy woman I dont have t he training for this No one has the fucking training for thisSo calming down isnt an option right now? Gabe said. I understand. Theo interrupted his concern Tilt-A-Whirl and wheeled on Gabe. And I havent smoked any pot in a week, Gabe.Congratulations.Its made me insane. Its ruined my life.Come on, Theo, you never had a life. Gabe immediately realized that perhaps he had chosen the wrong tack in consoling his friend.Yeah, theres that. Theo strode to the red truck and punched the fender. Ouch Goddamn it He turned to Gabe again. And I think I just broke my hand.Mad cow disease worries me, Jim Beer said from his stupor of defeat.Shut up, Jim, Gabe said. Theo has a gun.Guns Theo shouted.I stand corrected, said Gabe. You mentioned a giant animal?Theo massaged his temples as if trying to squeeze out a coherent thought.After a few minutes, he walked to where Jim Beer was sitting and kneeled down in front of him. Jim, I need you to pull it together for a second. The rancher looked at Theo. Tears had traced the creases in his cheeks. Jim, this never happened, okay? You havent seen me and you havent heard anything from this side of the ranch, okay? If Burton calls you, everything is standard operating procedure. You know nothing, you understand?No, I dont understand. Am I going to jail?I dont know that, Jim, but I do know that Burton finding out about this will only make it worse for every one. I need some time to figure some things out. If you help, Ill do my best to protect you, I promise.Okay. Beer nodded. Ill do what you say.Good, take Gabes truck home. Well pick it up in an hour or so.Skinner watched all this with heightened interest, tentatively wagging his tail between Theos tirades, hoping in his magnetic core of hearts that he would get a ride in that big red truck. Even dogs harbor secret agendas.Theo, these cant be real, Gabe said, running his hand over a footprint nearly three feet across. This is some sort of hoax. Although the depth of the claw impression s and the scuffing would indicate that whoever did this really knows something about how animals move.Theo was fairly calm now, as if he had settled into the whole unreality of the situation. And they know something about crushing a Volvo too. Theyre real, Gabe. Ive seen a track like this before.Where?By the creek, the night the fuel truck blew up. I didnt want to believe it then either.Gabe looked up from the track. Thats the night I had the mass exodus with my rats.Yep.Theres no way, Theo. That couldnt be what happened. A creature that could leave tracks like this would shade off a T. Rex. There hasnt been anything this size on the planet for sixty million years.Not anything we know about. Look, Gabe, I followed the trail through the grass to the mutilated cows. I thought that was where they went, but evidently thats where they just came from.They? You think theres more than one?So you accept that this thing is real?No, Theo. Im just asking what you think.I think that this thing was with Molly Michon.Gabe laughed. Theo, I think the withdrawal has you addled.Im not joking. Molly was here right after I heard my car getting crunched. She gave me the keys to the handcuffs. When I came out, she was gone, and so were Joseph Leander and whoever he came here to see.So what do you think happened to them?The same thing that happened to those cows. Or something like it. The same thing that I think happened to the Plotznik kid. The last time anyone saw him was at the Fly Rod Trailer Court. Thats where Molly lives.Gabe stood and looked around at the pattern of tracks. You havent been into town today, have you, Theo?No, Ive been busy.Les from the hardware store is missing. They found his truck behind the Head of the Slug, but theres no sign of him.Weve got to go to Mollys, Gabe.We? Theo, Im a biologist, not a cop. I say we try and track some(prenominal) this is. Skinners a pretty good tracker. Id bet we find an explanation that doesnt involve some sort of giant creature .Im not a cop anymore either. And what if we track this thing and youre wrong, Gabe? Do you want to meet up with whatever did that to my car? Those cows?Well, yes, I do.We can do that later. It shouldnt be too hard. Whatever it is, its pulling a house trailer.What?There was a trailer here when Leander took me into the shed. When I came out, it was gone.Gabe checked his watch. Have you eaten today? Im not questioning you, but maybe youre having a hypoglycemic reaction or something. Lets go get some dinner and when your head clears, we can go by Molly Michons.Right, Im hallucinating from a lousy case of the munchies.Gabe grabbed his shoulder. Theo, please. I have a date.Theo nodded. Mollys first. Then Ill go to dinner.Deal, Gabe said, still staring at the tracks. I want to come back here with some casting materials. Even if this is a hoax, I want a record of it.Theo started for the truck and pulled up when he heard the sound of a cell phone ringing inside the shed. He walked into th e shed, located the cell phone, and looked at the display for the number that was ringing in. It was Burtons private number. He drew his .357 Magnum and blew the phone into a thousand pieces. He walked out of the shed to find Gabe hiding behind the fender of the red truck and Skinner cowering in the bed.What in the hell do you mean, you have a date?

Inventory Management and Operations Efficiency Essay

Background of the StudyIn recent years, buffet eating houses be increasingly getting popular among other kinds. Buffets argon effective for serving vauntingly bends of people at once. Diners also see it as expedient on their part because they get to have a great deal of choice and the ability to closely inspect nutrient before selecting it. A more(prenominal)(prenominal) free form of buffet is c in exclusivelyed eat all you clear wherein customers pay a fixed fee and then whitethorn help themselves to as a good deal victuals as they wish to eat in a maven meal. Therefore, customers have the privilege to eat to their hearts content. However, on the part of the eatery operators and managers, it is difficult to forecast how many people would come and how much cardinal head could eat in a single meal. In case they electric arc out of dishes, they moldinessiness always be cap commensurate to refill the buffet. After all, no one likes to get inside a eating house that is non able to serve the customers well. It whitethorn affect customer retention, the level of customer gratification and may leave negative impressions on the restaurants efficiency. This means that the restaurant should have enough stocks to avoid running out of food to serve. This is now where the role of size up management takes place.To ensure availability, an inventory system is adopted that provides the organizational structure and the operating policies for maintaining and controlling goods to be stocked. The system is responsible for coiffureing and receipt of goods timing the order placement, keeping track of what has been lucid, and how much and from whom ordered. Regardless of the figure of restaurant you operate, or whether the restaurant is in the start-up phase or has been operating for many years, adopting an inventory system is essential. Therefore managing inventory is truly important in operating a restaurant.In the provinces, at that place atomic number 18 quite a number of eat-all-you- tolerate restaurants that one can find. nevertheless in merelyuan City, among the most popular is Roldans beat All You Can. It is much(prenominal) a popular place that even locals from the nearby provinces prefer to eat lunch there when they happen to be in the city. Every day they offer variety of foods- from appetizers to desserts which retrace it irresistible for the customers. On the other hand, in their daily transactions they face problems with inventory management such as running out-of-stock and other stock-related problems.The problem on inventory motivated the researchers to study about the inventory management and functionings efficiency of Roldans Eat All You Can, Montilla Boulevard, Butuan City.Review of LiteratureThe review of related literature is an essential part of the research. This section consists the ideas and studies and of various authors that will be of great help in the conceptualization of the research.According to Ja cobs (2008), an inventory system provides the organizational structure and the operating policies for maintaining and controlling goods to be stocked. The system is responsible for ordering and receipt of goods timing the order placement and keeping track of what has been ordered, how much and from whom.Restaurants guests are looking for prise when they purchase menu items. In the same way, the restaurant manager is looking for set in the harvest-festival purchase decisions he/she conciliates. Price is important but so are other components in the purchasing goal.During the growth of a spick-and-span speculation the management of inventory is an important task. Too much inventory can be a drain on cash flow since manufacturing, transportation, and retentivity courts must(prenominal) be borne by the venture. On the other hand, too little inventory to meet customer demands can also cost the venture in lost sales, or it can create unhappy customers who may choose another firm if their require are not met in a timely manner.According to Ninemeier (2006), the typical restaurant requires several hundreds of food ingredients and, if alcoholic beverages are offered, many additional mathematical products must be purchased. Numerous decisions must be make to assure that the chasten products are purchased and are available when needed.According to David Kurtz (2005), inventory control captures a large share of a logistics managers attention because companies need to maintain enough inventories to meet customer demand without incurring unneeded costs for carrying excess inventory. Some firms attempt to keep inventory levels under control by implementing just in-time (JIT) production.The goal of purchasing is to receive the right forest of product at the right time in the right quantity from the right supplier at the right price. This goal is very easy to state but much difficult to attain.Products needed for Saturdays paste must be available on a timely basis and for example, if they are received on the Monday before the event, they will not be refreshing or, if they are received on the Monday after the event, they are of no use.The standard recipe indicates products which are needed to help assure that the menu items which are served are of consistent quality and consistent cost. The concept of the right product in our purchasing goal relate to quality and quantity.If an insufficient amount of product is purchased, stock-outs are credibly to happen guests will be disappointed if their favorite item is not available, and operations may not be disrupted if substitute items must be produced. By contrast, if an excessive quantity of product is purchased, excess funds are tied up in inventory, there is an increased chance of spoliation, pilferage may occur, and there may be insufficient storage space.Restaurant managers in most areas have alternative sources of supply for most products. More than a product is purchased when a purchase a greement is made. Information and armed servicing are also very important, and nigh suppliers do a better job of providing this assistance than do others. A supplier fling a good price but does not deliver a product on time is not providing an receipts to the restaurant.Restaurant managers must implement systems to determine what to purchase, how much to purchase and when to purchase. Still according to Ninemeier and Hayes (2006), after products are purchased, they must be received. It is ironic that some(a) restaurants implement many of the purchasing tactics but then fail to follow with when products are received. Purchasers are likely to pay for the quality of products which they ordered and are delivered. In spite of this, however, receiving procedures are lax in some properties and may involve little more than counting incoming packages and comparing that number to the quantity listed on the oral communication invoice before it is signed. How much will the supplier charge the restaurant for its products?The answer is determined at time of receiving. Unless there is a credit memo, the restaurant will be charged for the quantity of products noted on the delivery invoice. Also, unless an error is noted on the invoice, the unit cost will be that noted on the voice. Effective restaurant managers, therefore, assure that proper receiving practices are consistently used. In the receiving process, kickoff, delivery invoice from the supplier should be compared to the restaurants copy of the purchase order. This will assure that the quantity and price of products agreed upon at time of purchasing were, in fact, incorporated into the delivery invoice. The second step in the receiving process involves confirming that the product quality is in concert with that ask by the purchase specification.According to Feinstein (2005), the basic goal of storage management is to prevent loss of merchandise due to (1) theft, (2) pilferage, and (3) spoilage.Theft is premedit ated burglary. It occurs when someone drives a truck up to the back door of an operation and steals all of the expensive foods, beverages, and equipment. Generally, storage facilities are not designed to prevent this. Management would need a citadel to eliminate theft by keeping true employees honest. In some parts of the United States, and the rest of the world, theft is common. Thus, hospitality operators must see to it that storage facilities are designed so as to make theft more difficult, generally by some combination of clear visibility of general access storage located elsewhere. Locking storage areas when not in use and minimizing the number of persons who have access to the keys appear to be good practices.Pilferage is a serious problem in the hospitality industry and centers on the employee who sneaks off with a bottle of mustard or a couple of ashtrays. Eating on the job is another form of pilferage, unless the owner-manager allows it. Shoplifting also go in this catego ry. Pilferage is sometimes referred to as inventory shrinkage or skimming. The estimated dollar losses resulting from pilferage vary considerably, but industry experts feel that approximately two to four percent of every sales dollar is lost to employee and customer dishonesty. Several potential ways to control pilferage exist, some of which we discuss. Unfortunately, in some cases, the retrieve may be more expensive than the disease.Spoilage can be controlled a little more easily than neither theft nor pilferage. Generally, spoilage can be minimized by adhering to rigid sanitization practices, rotating the stocks so that old items are used first, and providing the proper environmental conditions for severally time in storage. soused sanitation is, in fact, a must in all storage facilities. This involves two quite different kinds of steps. First, products that office induce spoilage in others through migration of odors or chemicals must be separated properly. For example, fresh fish is not stored with butter and change agents are segregated from food products. A second and more obvious sanitation activity involves keeping the storage facility clean, for instance, by mopping it daily.The proper environmental conditions for storage seem easy enough to achieve. But the expense of providing for all the various temperature and humidity requirements for an entire spectrum of food products can be burdensome for small restaurants. Nonfood storage is a not so large problem, but a good deal of value space may be required.Freezers separate produce, dairy, and meat refrigerator and separate dry storage areas for groceries, beverages, and cleaning supplies can all add up to a large investment. This can be so large, in fact, that small operations often try make do with outdated facilities, which can get them into trouble with the local health department.The benefits of proper environmental conditions are definite but sometimes not affectionately apparent. The prevent ion of food-borne illness does not carry a price tag. Moreover, improper storage can cause a significant loss of nutritional value and smell. The value here is difficult to quantify. Lost nutrition does not necessarily concern restaurant customers, but school food expediency operations might consider this loss unacceptable. Fortunately, even though a hospitality operation msy maintain an old, erratic refrigerator, proper stock rotation and a reasonably quick stock turnover can minimize quality loss.On Issuing, according to Mill (2007), for control purposes, it is advisable that as few people as contingent have access to signing as someone in authority, and such signature is needed before food and beverage items can be released from storage. A system of inventory management helps ensure cost control. Such forms aid in inventory control and analyzing menu costs. The objective is to ensure that only authorize personnel are allowed to requisition food and beverage items.Based on the study of Hayes (2006) there is a relationship between the quantity of food and beverage products produced and sold by the restaurant and the quantity of products removed from its storage areas. Some restaurants use an open door approach to issuing whenever someone needs something, they simply retrieve it. With this tactic, every employee is in charge of issuing.According to Dittmer (1999) anyone who has patronized restaurants and other foodservice operations can recognize that a number of different types of service are available. Some aid of very high quality, some much less so. Fast food restaurants and cafeterias tend to provide comparatively little service beyond the basic fine restaurants offer extraordinary levels of service, with some appearing to have more staff than customers. In establishments offering extensive service, it is sometimes of very high quality- swift, unobtrusive, and approximating an art form. More than commonly, however, the service is likely to be differen t-slow, disorganized, intrusive- with the servers obviously untrained. all(prenominal) individual diner has a personal view, consciously or unconsciously, of the standards of service that he considers appropriate for any given occasion when a meal is consumed outside the home. Whenever possible, the customer will tend to select a restaurant offering a type and level of service that he finds appropriate to the occasion. If the individuals time is strictly limited, he is likely to select a restaurant with limited service- one that allows a customer to eat within a limited time available. On the other hand, there are customers for whom time is of no concern. Sometimes they are celebrating some special occasion.Managers who seek to optimize restaurant sales should be aware of the extent and quality of service that their customers want. With that in mind, they may find it comparatively easy to adjust some aspects of service in ways that will increase customer satisfaction.According to Ku rtus (2008), Restaurants are in the duty of serving food to their customers. In other words, they are providing a product (food) and a service (waiting on the customer). The quality of the food and service is defined as meeting or exceeding the expectations of the customer as if promised by the restaurant. The food should be properly prepared and the service should be prompt and courteous. The benefit of quality food and service is that customers will come back and will recommend the restaurant to friends (http//www.school-for-champions.com/tqm/restaurantquality.htm).According to Khan (2006), the primary function of any type of foodservice operation is to convert raw food into cooked products. Profits come from converting and serving the food as efficiently as possible. High quality dishes come from high quality ingredients. The objective is to obtain the right quality and quantity at the right and price and from the right source.Food quality is more than just taste it includes att ributes such as texture, consistency, hold times, shelf life, and visual pull in. Restaurants need to guarantee food quality in every aspect of food preparation, from the moment the food is produce and delivered to the time it is stored, cooked and served(http//www.bukisa.com/articles/4355869how-important-is-restaurant-food-quality).According to Dittmer (1999), quality is a term that conveys different meanings to different people. Those with particular refined tastes-people sometimes referred to as gourmets- are more likely to seek perfection in food and may be inclined to accept nothing less. For them, this may mean that the quality of restaurant food must meet long list criteria all ingredients must be fresh rather than canned or frozen, soups must be prepared from freshly made stocks, vegetables must be cooked only just tender, and so on. Unless the food products offered in a particular restaurant meet their exacting quality standards, they will not patronize it.There are some w ho appear to be completely different to all the quality standards for foodservice products that the studyity insists on. For them, food is food- a necessity alike(p) to fuel for an engine. They seem perfectly prepared to accept foodservice products of very low levels of quality for patronizing restaurants do not appear to be related to product quality defined terms that the majority accepts. In any given population, various segments demand food products of various levels of quality such that they will appeal to large enough segment of the market to ensure the level of sales volume required for profitability.According to Stefanelli (2005), maintaining quality is not quite the same as establishing the firms desired level of quality. Some buyers have comparatively little to say about the quality of products they must purchase. They do, however, have a major responsibility to make sure that, once set, the quality standards vary only within acceptable limits. For some products, such a s liquor and soap, brand call assure uniform quality. Unfortunately, the quality of fresh foods can change drastically from day to day and from one supplier to the next. This situation can make it especially difficult to maintain quality standards. In addition, occasional overbuying or a sudden breakdown in storage facilities, such as refrigeration facilities, can wreaker or bring havoc on quality standards.Regardless of the associated difficulties, however, operators insist that their buyers maintain quality control.Food quality in restaurants seems to be accepted as a fundamental component to satisfy restaurant customers however, it has been often overlooked in restaurant service quality and satisfaction studies. Upon starting a restaurant business, one could have attended a seminar that discusses the importance of food quality in restaurants.Most fast-food and restaurants claim to maintain a high degree of lapse in their food preparation process. Restaurants owners spend a lot of money to train their staff they even have an excellent infrastructure that facilitates maintenance of cleanliness and hygiene. But despite all the rules and assurances, the complete safety of food bought from a restaurant is questionable.With a structural equation modeling technique, overall food quality significantly affects customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions and also revealed that the relationship between food quality and customer behavioral intentions is mediated by satisfaction. Subsequent regression analyses demonstrate that taste and presentation were the two greatest contributors to customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Thus, managers should pay attention to the key food quality attributes that elicit customer satisfaction enhance return visits in the restaurant business.Customers want to have exactly what they ordered, so food consistency is crucial to ones business. Cooks should be able to cook the same dish and the same blend over and over. Oth erwise, inconsistency of food will remove the customers interest from buying the best sellers over and over. It is a good move to conduct a training regarding ingredient proportions and standard preparation procedures. When a customer says that he or she has a food allergy, servers must pay close attention.Also, knowledge on the food quality standards is important. As a restaurant owner, one should carefully monitor how food is being consumed in the restaurant and how they are being prepared. Otherwise, the food quality will diminish overtime, and it would definitely differ and taste and would involve sanitary and health issues(http//www.bukisa.com/articles/435869how-important-is-restaurant-food-quality.Based on Mills study (2007), management is responsible for serving food that is nutritious, appeals to the senses, and is safe to eat. Sanitation refers to the hygienic measure for ensuring food safety and control of environmental factors that could arm human development, health or s urvival. According to the National Assessment Institute, a restaurant manager is responsible for identifying health hazards in the daily operation of the restaurant, develop and implement policies, procedures, and standards to prevent food borne illnesses, coordinate training, supervision, and direction of food handling and preparation while taking corrective action as required to protect the health of customers and employees and inspect the operation periodically to ensure that policies and procedures are being followed correctly.Any sanitation slip up not only hastens spoilage but also increases the risk of customer or employee sickness. Some states and local municipalities have legislation that requires hospitality management personnel to successfully pass some sort of a sanitation course. There is also discussion suggesting that eventually all of the hospitality employees will have to pass some type of sanitation certification exam.At fast food restaurants, kitchen workers are a ssigned a specific task which they have to perform throughout the day, because fast foods cater to hundreds of customers each hour the work volume is very high and workers get little or no time to clean their work area. Under a dread(a) work load, workers usually do not find the time to implement their food safety training. So it may be concluded that despite all the quality assurances that the fast foods and other forms of food establishments offer eating out is not a safe thing to do.Perishable items should be carefully maintained. Each product has a shelf life, and a good idea is always to cook first those that are longer in the fridge. It follows the queuing concept of what comes in first must first go out since food that are longer in the fridge might likely spoil and could affect every single ingredient that is inside your chiller(http//www.bukisa.com/articles/436859how-important-is-restaurant-food-qualityixzz1Vo7zZHq00).According to Stefanelli (2005), limiting prices a super visor may suggest some flexible price limits for certain products, especially those products that represent the people of the purchasing dollar. And, for instance, if an items price rises above that limit, it may be time to reevaluate the items place in the operation.It is no conundrum that good pricing practices are good for business. They increase customer satisfaction, increase profits and go a long way toward assuring compliance with the law. plot satisfied customers generally mean repeat business, price errors that stem from haphazard or inefficient pricing practices can cost stores money. For one thing, the dollar amount of undercharges often exceeds the dollar amount of the overcharges. For another, it is against the law to charge more than the advertised shelf price. Stores that do may be subject to civilian and criminal fines (http//business.ftc.gov/documents/bus11-good-pricing-practices-scan-do).According to Griffin (1999), restaurants normally have standard sales pric es for the menu items they offer. The sales prices for menu items are usually established by restaurant owners or managers and are communicated to customers via printed menus or conspicuously posted signs. Because the sum of the prices paid by all customers for their menu selections is the total food revenue for a restaurant, it should be evident that these sales prices are critically important in determining the degree of profitability for any restaurant.